Foreign trade and marketing processes in the context of sustainable development

Purpose: The article aims to study foreign economic and trade relations between the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the CIS and the Western European countries. In addition, the study improves forms of foreign economic cooperation between the countries and suggests the stages of its implementation in the integration group. Design/Methodology/Approach: Central and Eastern European countries are experiencing the increase and acceleration of the labour migration to Western European countries, which has a negative impact on their medium-and long-term development. As a theoretical and methodological basis, the article uses historical-logical, dialectical principles and contradictions, the method of the scientific abstraction. The process-system approach, which was used in the study of foreign economic relations between the partner countries, gained special importance in the argument of the need to implement stages. Findings: Authors presented the form of the foreign economic cooperation between the countries as the geostrategic economic block and the stages of its implementation. As the study shows, these stages will help to smooth out the economic inequality between the Central and Eastern regions of Europe and Western European countries. Practical implications: In practice, authors investigate the phased implementation of the geostrategic economic bloc form, which will reduce inequality between the partner countries of the European Union. Originality/Value: The economic inequality between developed and developing countries of the European Union is increasing every year, which can lead to the transformation of the integration group, so it is necessary to develop new forms and mechanisms of foreign economic relations between the partner countries.peer-reviewe

Formation of Consumption Properties of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) Sauce

The aim of the study is to form consumption properties of a green sweet pepper sauce with a balanced content of macro- and microelements. Due to the use of Xanthium strumarium and chitosan a new product has high organoleptic properties that attract a consumer and increase its competitiveness at the market.Sweet green pepper that relates to most valuable vegetable cultures as to food value and taste was chosen as a main component of a sauce. For giving it a necessary consistence and for decreasing a time of thermal processing, there was used chitosan. According to results of the conducted studies, it was established, that among studied types of chitosan, advantages as to forming a consistence belongs to food acid-soluble chitosan with particle sizes up to 0,5 mm in amount 0,5 %.For preserving the natural green color, pepper fruits were preliminarily processed in 1 % decoction of Xanthium strumarium at temperature 75ºС during 15 min. For increasing its food value, the recipe was added with spicy-aromatic vegetable raw materials: garlic, dill, parsley, celery.The sauce quality was formed by mathematical modeling using general criteria of optimization of organoleptic parameters. There were also determined specific criteria of optimization of the recipe composition taking into account their daily need. As a result of the conducted studies the composition of recipe components for the sauce was optimized: sweet pepper 80 %, garlic leaves – 5 %, parsley leaves,dill – 5 %, celery leaves – 5 %, salt – 1,5 %, sugar – 0,5 %, chitosan – 0,5 %.There were studied organoleptic parameters of the developed sauce, characterized by a pleasant bright-green color, homogenous paste-like consistence, pleasant taste and smell. The used stabilizing factors allowed to get the sauce with the increased content of essential factors of nutrition. They participate in the increase of protective forces of the organism, so allow to recommend them in prophylactic, child and dietary nutrition

HLA-B27-associated uveitis: From pathogenesis to therapy

Uveitis is the inflammation of the uvea, which generally occurs in young people and may be accompanied by serious complications leading to disability. The review analyzes the data of Russian and foreign investigations on the pathogenesis of HLA-B27-associated uveitis occurring in different diseases from a group of seronegative spondyloarthritides (SpA) and also discusses current therapeutic approaches in this disease.Since the late 20th century, there has been rapid progress in studying the pathogenesis of HLA-B27-associated uveitis and in identifying the genetic factors predisposing to this pathology. Investigations of HLA-B27 antigen and its alleles are being continued. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), the higher levels of which in blood, synovial fluid, and ocular fluid in rheumatic diseases has been proven in many works of both foreign and Russian scientists, is most studied among the inflammatory mediators. Due to the key role of this cytokine in the development of inflammation, drugs inhibiting TNF-α activity have been designed and successfully used in the past decade, which results in partial and occasionally stable remission

HLA-B27-ASSOCIATED UVEITIS: EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINICAL PICTURE, AND COMPLICATIONS

Anterior uveitis is the most common form of intraocular inflammation. Among them, HLA-B27-associated uveitis occupies one of the leading places, which may be an independent disease or one of the manifestations of spondy- loarthritis (SA). The paper considers the general issues of the nomenclature and classification of uveitis, by using the classification criteria of the International Uveitis Study Group and the Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature Workshop. The epidemiological aspects of uveitis are described. Emphasis is laid on a difference in the detection rate of uveitis in different countries, in men and women, as well as in different forms of SA. The clinical features of SA- associated uveitis and its complications are discussed

THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE FOR PATIENTS WITH ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS: RECOMMENDATIONS AND REALITY

Objective. To study how the patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) follow recommendations for performing physi- cal exercises. Material and methods. To clarify the compliance of patients with AC to physical exercise, a special questionnaire was designed. The Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) was used to assess the perception of physical exercises. The study included 79 patients (the mean age of 34.5 ± 9.4 years) with AS (diagnosed according to the New York criteria) who have been treated at the clinic of V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Results. Of the 79 patients included in the study, 77.2% were doing therapeutic exercises; 41.0% of patients were doing them every day. 41.0% of the patients have received sets of exercises from the attending doctor, 41.0 % from the Internet, and 18.0% from other sources (brochures for patients or courses for patients with AS). The average total EEBS score was 114.2 ± 17.8 points; the benefits score was 87.1 ± 12.8; and the barriers score was 27.1 ± 5.0. The most frequent responses to question about the benefits of physical exercises were as follows: «They reduce the feeling of stress and tension» (90.6%) and «They increase the muscle strength» (93.7%). «I am tired physically from doing exercises» (96.6%) was the most common barrier to execution of physical exercises. Conclusion. Despite the positive perception of physical exercises, only 41.0% of the patients with AS have done them every day. The lack of information about exercises recommended for AS patients, the frequency of their use, the effect on the disease activity and functionality significantly limits the use of exercises by patients with AS. It remains unclear exactly, which sets of exercises are most effective and what regularity of exercises should be used to prevent impair- ment of the functions of the spine and joints

Проблемы назначения нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов женщинам репродуктивного возраста с анкилозирующим спондилитом

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the first-line medications for ankylosing spondylitis (AS); their action is associated with blockade of the enzyme cyclooxygenase 2 and with a mediated decrease in the synthesis of prostaglandins (PGs). However, PGs play an important role in regulating the functions of the female reproductive system. The paper presents an update on the participation of PG in folliculogenesis, ovulation, implantation, and development of the embryo, and labor activity. Based on experimental and clinical findings, the authors discuss whether due to inhibition of the synthesis of PGs, NSAIDs are able to cause ovulation failure, including luteinized unovulated follicle syndrome and spontaneous abortions. Further investigation is justified to determine the most optimal NSAID therapy regimens when planning pregnancy and during gestation in women with AS.Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты (НПВП) являются препаратами первого ряда в терапии анкилозирующего спондилита (АС), их действие связано с блокадой фермента циклооксигеназы 2 и опосредованным снижением синтеза простагландинов (ПГ). Однако ПГ играют важную роль в регулировании функций женской репродуктивной системы. В статье представлены современные данные об участии ПГ в фолликулогенезе, овуляции, имплантации и развитии эмбриона, родовой деятельности. На основании данных экспериментальных и клинических исследований обсуждается возможность НПВП за счет ингибирования синтеза ПГ вызывать нарушения овуляции, в том числе синдром лютеинизации неовулировавшего фолликула и спонтанные аборты. Обоснованно проведение дальнейших исследований с целью определения наиболее оптимальных схем терапии НПВП при планировании беременности и во время гестации у женщин с АС

Impact of sex on the adaptation of adult mice to long consumption of sweet-fat diet

In rodents, the most adequate model of human diet-induced obesity is obesity caused by the consumption of a sweet-fat diet (SFD), which causes more pronounced adiposity in females than in males. The aim of this work was to determine the sex-associated effect of SFD on the expression of genes related to carbohydrate-lipid metabolism in adult mice. For 10 weeks, male and female С57Bl mice were fed a standard laboratory chow (Control group) or a diet, which consisted of laboratory chow supplemented with sweet cookies, sunflower seeds and lard (SFD group). Weights of body, liver and fat depots, blood concentrations of hormones and metabolites, liver fat, and mRNA levels of genes involved in regulation of energy metabolism in the liver, perigonadal and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (pgWAT, scWAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) were measured. SFD increased body weight and insulin resistance in mice of both sexes. Female mice that consumed SFD (SFD females) had a greater increase in adiposity than SFD males. SFD females showed a decreased expression of genes related to lipogenesis (Lpl) and glucose metabolism (G6pc, Pklr) in liver, as well as lipogenesis (Lpl, Slca4) and lipolysis (Lipe) in pgWAT, suggesting reduced energy expenditure. In contrast, SFD males showed increased lean mass gain, plasma insulin and FGF21 levels, expressions of Cpt1α gene in pgWAT and scWAT and Pklr gene in liver, suggesting enhanced lipid and glucose oxidation in these organs. Thus, in mice, there are sex-dependent differences in adaptation to SFD at the transcriptional level, which can help to explain higher adiposity in females under SFD consumtion

Эффективность голимумаба в лечении увеита у больных анкилозирующим спондилитом

The paper presents the results of recent studies of the efficacy of golimumab (GLM) in the treatment of uveitis in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The data obtained in these studies suggest that GLM is highly effective in relieving and preventing uveitis attacks. However, all the given studies have a number of disadvantages; primarily they have included a limited number of patients. Further prospective randomized clinical trials with large sample sizes are required to evaluate the efficacy and safety of GLM for the treatment of uveitis in patients with spondyloarthritis.Представлены результаты последних исследований эффективности голимумаба (ГЛМ) при лечении увеита у больных анкилозирующим спондилитом (АС). Полученные в этих исследованиях данные свидетельствуют о высокой эффективности ГЛМ в отношении купирования и предотвращения обострений увеита. Однако все представленные работы имеют ряд недостатков, в первую очередь это ограниченное число включенных в них пациентов. Необходимы дальнейшие проспективные рандомизированные клинические исследования с большим размером выборок для оценки эффективности и безопасности применения ГЛМ при увеите у больных спондилоартритами