327 research outputs found

    Varhaiskasvatuksen työntekijöiden nĂ€kökulmia 4–6-vuotiaiden lasten yksinĂ€isyyden kokemuksista sekĂ€ niiden ehkĂ€isemisestĂ€ sosiaalisen osallisuuden vahvistamisen kautta

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    TiivistelmĂ€. Pro gradu- tutkielmani kĂ€sittelee varhaiskasvatuksen työntekijöiden nĂ€kökulmia 4–6-vuotiaiden lasten yksinĂ€isyyden kokemuksista sekĂ€ niiden ehkĂ€isemisestĂ€ sosiaalisen osallisuuden vahvistamisen kautta. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkimuskysymysten mukaisesti kuvata varhaiskasvatuksen työntekijöiden nĂ€kökulmasta 4–6-vuotiaiden lasten keskinĂ€isissĂ€ suhteissa esiintyvÀÀ yksinĂ€isyyttĂ€, siihen vaikuttavia tekijöitĂ€ sekĂ€ ehkĂ€isemisen keinoja. Tutkielma toteutettiin laadullisena tutkimuksena, jossa lĂ€hestymistapana toimi tulkinnallinen paradigma. Aineisto kerĂ€ttiin helmikuun 2022 aikana Webropol-kyselylomakkeen avulla, joka pÀÀsÀÀntöisesti sisĂ€lsi avoimia kysymyksiĂ€. Lomaketta jaettiin kohdennetusti varhaiskasvatuksen työntekijöille sosiaalisen median kautta. Kyselyyn vastasi yhteensĂ€ 34 henkilöÀ, joista 19 vastaajaa oli varhaiskasvatuksen opettajia ja 15 vastaajaa varhaiskasvatuksen lastenhoitajia. AnalyysimenetelmĂ€nĂ€ kĂ€ytettiin aineistolĂ€htöistĂ€ sisĂ€llönanalyysia. Viitekehykseni pohjautui vahvasti sosiaalipedagogiseen osallisuusymmĂ€rrykseen sekĂ€ pienten lasten yksinĂ€isyyteen liittyviin keskeisimpiin kĂ€sitteisiin. Tulokset osoittivat, ettĂ€ työntekijöiden nĂ€kökulmasta 4–6-vuotiaiden lasten vĂ€lisissĂ€ suhteissa yksinĂ€isyys esiintyy lĂ€heisten ystĂ€vyyssuhteiden puuttumisena ja seurailijan roolina leikeissĂ€, mutta toisaalta myös kokonaan ulkopuolelle jÀÀmisenĂ€ ja vetĂ€ytyvĂ€nĂ€ kĂ€ytöksenĂ€ torjutuksi tullessa. YksinĂ€isyyteen liittyvissĂ€ tekijöissĂ€ työntekijĂ€t kuvasivat keskeisesti lapsen yksilöllisiĂ€ riskitekijöitĂ€, joissa korostuivat lapsen haasteet ja persoonalliset ominaisuudet. Kuitenkin yksilöllisistĂ€ tekijöistĂ€ maahanmuuttajataustaisuudessa ja ujoudessa, osa työntekijöistĂ€ nĂ€ki keskeisenĂ€ myös nĂ€iden yksilöllisten tekijöiden ja ympĂ€ristön vĂ€lisen vuorovaikutuksen. Tulokset osoittivat myös, ettĂ€ varhaiskasvatuksen työntekijĂ€t ovat tietoisia oman roolinsa merkityksestĂ€ lasten vĂ€lisille suhteille, sillĂ€ he kuvailivat yksinĂ€isyyden ehkĂ€isemisen keinoja vahvasti omaan ammatillisuuteensa liittyvien asioiden, kuten esimerkiksi lĂ€snĂ€olon ja sosiaalisen herkkyyden kautta. Haasteita nĂ€ille koettiin asettavan kuitenkin varhaiskasvatuksen puutteellisten resurssien. Myös lasten yhteisöllisyyttĂ€ rakentavien toimien, kuten yhteisen toiminnan ja moninaisuutta kunnioittavan ilmapiirin, työntekijĂ€t kuvailivat olevan lapsen yksilöllisen tuen lisĂ€ksi keskeisiĂ€ yksinĂ€isyyttĂ€ ehkĂ€iseviĂ€ keinoja. Tutkielmani tuloksista keskeisenĂ€ johtopÀÀtöksenĂ€ oli nostettavissa esiin nĂ€kökulma siitĂ€, ettĂ€ lapsen yksinĂ€isyyttĂ€ varhaiskasvatuksessa tulisi tarkastella aina ympĂ€ristön sekĂ€ yksilön vĂ€lisenĂ€ suhteena. YksinĂ€isyyden ehkĂ€isemisen keinojen tulisi olla tietoisesti osa varhaiskasvatuksen arkea huomioiden yksinĂ€isyyden moninaiset muodot, missĂ€ työntekijöiden on keskeistĂ€ ymmĂ€rtÀÀ sekĂ€ yksilöllisen tuen, ettĂ€ yhteisöllisten toimien merkitys

    NÀkymÀttömÀt lapset varhaiskasvatuksessa

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    TiivistelmÀ. Tutkimuksemme kÀsittelee sosiaalista nÀkymÀttömyyttÀ varhaiskasvatuksessa, joka on vuorovaikutuksessa syntyvÀ ilmiö. Sosiaalinen nÀkymÀttömyys on oman kokemuksemme mukaan lÀsnÀ varhaiskasvatuksen arjessa, mutta sitÀ ei ole kÀsitelty juurikaan tutkimuksissa. Ilmiö on kasvatuksellisesta nÀkökulmasta haasteellinen, sillÀ kasvattajat eivÀt tiedosta sen olemassaoloa. Tutkimuksessamme pyrimme integroivan kirjallisuuskatsauksen keinoin muodostamaan alustavan kokonaiskuvan sosiaalisesta nÀkymÀttömyydestÀ varhaiskasvatuksessa. Avaamme tutkimuskysymystemme avulla mitÀ sosiaalinen nÀkymÀttömyys on, sekÀ mikÀ altistaa lapsen sosiaaliselle nÀkymÀttömyydelle. Tuloksissa kuvaamme sosiaalista nÀkymÀttömyyttÀ peilautumattomuuden, kohtaamattomuuden ja yksinÀisyyden kÀsitteiden kautta, jotka muodostavat sosiaalisen nÀkymÀttömyyden teorian. LisÀksi kuvaamme nÀkymÀttömyydelle altistavia tekijöitÀ, joita on havaittavissa kiintymyssuhteissa, pÀivÀkodissa tapahtuvassa vuorovaikutuksessa, temperamenttipiirteissÀ, puolustusmekanismeissa sekÀ varhaiskasvatuksen toimintakulttuurissa. NÀkymÀttömyys ilmiönÀ nivoutuu monella tapaa minÀkuvan muodostumiseen. TÀmÀ yhteys nÀkyy niin kaikkien nÀkymÀttömyyttÀ kuvaavien kuin nÀkymÀttömyydelle altistavienkin tekijöiden yhteydessÀ. NÀkymÀttömyyteen liittyy tekijöitÀ, joiden ilmeneminen voi aiheuttaa lapselle nÀkymÀttömÀn roolin pÀivÀkotiympÀristössÀ. NÀkymÀttömyydellÀ on suuri vaikutus lapsen minÀkuvan kehitykseen ja sitÀ kautta mielenterveyteen. Yksilöiden mielenterveydellÀ on taas vaikutuksensa yhteiskunnan resursseihin. Sosiaalisen nÀkymÀttömyyden ilmiötÀ onkin tÀrkeÀÀ tuoda esille, sillÀ se lisÀÀ nÀkymÀttömyyden tunnistamisen mahdollisuuksia kasvattajien keskuudessa. Ilmiön tunnistaminen vÀhentÀÀ sosiaalista nÀkymÀttömyyttÀ ja sitÀ kautta siitÀ aiheutuvia haittoja

    Distinct cellular pathways select germline-encoded and somatically mutated antibodies into immunological memory

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    One component of memory in the antibody system is long-lived memory B cells selected for the expression of somatically mutated, high-affinity antibodies in the T cell-dependent germinal center (GC) reaction. A puzzling observation has been that the memory B cell compartment also contains cells expressing unmutated, low-affinity antibodies. Using conditional Bcl6 ablation, we demonstrate that these cells are generated through proliferative expansion early after immunization in a T cell-dependent but GC-independent manner. They soon become resting and long-lived and display a novel distinct gene expression signature which distinguishes memory B cells from other classes of B cells. GC-independent memory B cells are later joined by somatically mutated GC descendants at roughly equal proportions and these two types of memory cells efficiently generate adoptive secondary antibody responses. Deletion of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells significantly reduces the generation of mutated, but not unmutated, memory cells early on in the response. Thus, B cell memory is generated along two fundamentally distinct cellular differentiation pathways. One pathway is dedicated to the generation of high-affinity somatic antibody mutants, whereas the other preserves germ line antibody specificities and may prepare the organism for rapid responses to antigenic variants of the invading pathogen

    Virological failure after 1 year of first-line ART is not associated with HIV minority drug resistance in rural Cameroon

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    Objectives The aim of this study was to describe clinical and virological outcomes in therapy-naive HIV-1-positive patients treated in a routine ART programme in rural Cameroon. Methods In a prospective cohort, 300 consecutive patients starting first-line ART were enrolled and followed for 12 months. Among 238 patients with available viral load data at Month 12, logistic regression was used to analyse risk factors for virological failure (≄1000 HIV RNA copies/mL) including clinical, immunological and virological parameters, as well as data on drug adherence. Population sequencing was performed to detect the presence of drug-resistance mutations in patients with virological failure at Month 12; minority drug-resistance mutations at baseline were analysed using next-generation sequencing in these patients and matched controls. Results At Month 12, 38/238 (16%) patients experienced virological failure (≄1000 HIV RNA copies/mL). Patients with virological failure were younger, had lower CD4 cell counts and were more often WHO stage 3 or 4 at baseline. Sixty-three percent of patients with virological failure developed at least one drug-resistance mutation. The M184V (n = 18) and K103N (n = 10) mutations were most common. At baseline, 6/30 patients (20%) experiencing virological failure and 6/35 (17%) matched controls had evidence of minority drug-resistance mutations using next-generation sequencing (P = 0.77). Lower CD4 count at baseline (OR per 100 cells/mm3 lower 1.41, 95% CI 1.02-1.96, P = 0.04) and poorer adherence (OR per 1% lower 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.08, P < 0.001) were associated with a higher risk of virological failure. Unavailability of ART at the treatment centre was the single most common cause for incomplete adherence. Conclusions Virological failure after 1 year of ART was not associated with minority drug resistance at baseline but with incomplete adherence. Strategies to assure adherence and uninterrupted drug supplies are pivotal factors for therapy succes

    Differential remodelling of peroxisome function underpins the environmental and metabolic adaptability of diplonemids and kinetoplastids

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    The remodelling of organelle function is increasingly appreciated as a central driver of eukaryotic biodiversity and evolution. Kinetoplastids including Trypanosoma and Leishmania have evolved specialized peroxisomes, called glycosomes. Glycosomes uniquely contain a glycolytic pathway as well as other enzymes, which underpin the physiological flexibility of these major human pathogens. The sister group of kinetoplastids are the diplonemids, which are among the most abundant eukaryotes in marine plankton. Here we demonstrate the compartmentalization of gluconeogenesis, or glycolysis in reverse, in the peroxisomes of the free-living marine diplonemid, Diplonema papillatum. Our results suggest that peroxisome modification was already under way in the common ancestor of kinetoplastids and diplonemids, and raise the possibility that the central importance of gluconeogenesis to carbon metabolism in the heterotrophic free-living ancestor may have been an important selective driver. Our data indicate that peroxisome modification is not confined to the kinetoplastid lineage, but has also been a factor in the success of their free-living euglenozoan relatives

    Development of Mouse Hepatocyte Lines Permissive for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)

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    The lack of a suitable small animal model for the analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has hampered elucidation of the HCV life cycle and the development of both protective and therapeutic strategies against HCV infection. Human and mouse harbor a comparable system for antiviral type I interferon (IFN) induction and amplification, which regulates viral infection and replication. Using hepatocytes from knockout (ko) mice, we determined the critical step of the IFN-inducing/amplification pathways regulating HCV replication in mouse. The results infer that interferon-beta promoter stimulator (IPS-1) or interferon A receptor (IFNAR) were a crucial barrier to HCV replication in mouse hepatocytes. Although both IFNARko and IPS-1ko hepatocytes showed a reduced induction of type I interferons in response to viral infection, only IPS-1-/- cells circumvented cell death from HCV cytopathic effect and significantly improved J6JFH1 replication, suggesting IPS-1 to be a key player regulating HCV replication in mouse hepatocytes. We then established mouse hepatocyte lines lacking IPS-1 or IFNAR through immortalization with SV40T antigen. Expression of human (h)CD81 on these hepatocyte lines rendered both lines HCVcc-permissive. We also found that the chimeric J6JFH1 construct, having the structure region from J6 isolate enhanced HCV replication in mouse hepatocytes rather than the full length original JFH1 construct, a new finding that suggests the possible role of the HCV structural region in HCV replication. This is the first report on the entry and replication of HCV infectious particles in mouse hepatocytes. These mouse hepatocyte lines will facilitate establishing a mouse HCV infection model with multifarious applications

    Atmospheric deposition and precipitation are important predictors of inorganic nitrogen export to streams from forest and grassland watersheds: a large-scale data synthesis

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    Previous studies have evaluated how changes in atmospheric nitrogen (N) inputs and climate affect stream N concentrations and fluxes, but none have synthesized data from sites around the globe. We identified variables controlling stream inorganic N concentrations and fluxes, and how they have changed, by synthesizing 20 time series ranging from 5 to 51 years of data collected from forest and grassland dominated watersheds across Europe, North America, and East Asia and across four climate types (tropical, temperate, Mediterranean, and boreal) using the International Long-Term Ecological Research Network. We hypothesized that sites with greater atmospheric N deposition have greater stream N export rates, but that climate has taken a stronger role as atmospheric deposition declines in many regions of the globe. We found declining trends in bulk ammonium and nitrate deposition, especially in the longest time-series, with ammonium contributing relatively more to atmospheric N deposition over time. Among sites, there were statistically significant positive relationships between (1) annual rates of precipitation and stream ammonium and nitrate fluxes and (2) annual rates of atmospheric N inputs and stream nitrate concentrations and fluxes. There were no significant relationships between air temperature and stream N export. Our long-term data shows that although N deposition is declining over time, atmospheric N inputs and precipitation remain important predictors for inorganic N exported from forested and grassland watersheds. Overall, we also demonstrate that long-term monitoring provides understanding of ecosystems and biogeochemical cycling that would not be possible with short-term studies alone.publishedVersio
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