On the determination of the depth of EAS development maximum using the lateral distribution of Cerenkov light at distances 150 m from EAS axis

The Samarkand extensive air showers (EAS) array was used to measure the mean and individual lateral distribution functions (LDF) of EAS Cerenkov light. The analysis of the individual parameters b showed that the mean depth of EAS maximum and the variance of the depth distribution of maxima of EAS with energies of approx. 2x10 to the 15th power eV can properly be described in terms of Kaidalov-Martirosyan quark-gluon string model (QGSM)

The results of open surgical treatment of bilateral staghorn and multiple nephrolithiasis

Aim. To determine the status and to increase the effectiveness of open surgical treatment of bilateral staghorn nephrolithiasis. Methods. We studied the results of surgical treatment of 250 patients who underwent open surgery for severe forms of bilateral staghorn nephrolithiasis. The patients were divided into four groups according to the features of changes in both kidneys and ureters - group 1 included 125 (50.0%) patients with bilateral staghorn nephrolithiasis, group 2 - 35 (14.0%) patients with staghorn nephrolithiasis of solitary or the only functioning kidney, 70 (28.0%) patients with unilateral staghorn nephrolithiasis and solitary or multiple kidney or ureter stones on the other side were included into group 3, and group 4 inlcuded 20 (8.0%) patients with unilateral staghorn nephrolithiasis and nonobstructive hydronephrosis and other diseases on the other side. The age of patients ranged from 7 to 76 years old, ranging among children from 7 to 18 years (average age 12.1±0.4 years) and among adults from 19 to 76 years (average age 46.4±0.6 years). Among patients, 121 (48.4%) were males and 129 (51.6%) were females. Results. Surgical tactics and the results of performed surgeries in certain groups were studied. Overall, 127 (50.8±3.8%) of 250 patients underwent surgery on the right kidney, and 123 (49.2±3.2%) - on the left kidney. To achieve minimal blood loss during the surgery, in 20% of cases renal artery was clamped. To protect kidneys from ischemia, 3 mg/kg of furosemide, 0.2 mg/kg of verapamil and 1 mg/kg of methylethylpiridinol were used before and after clamping of the renal artery. Open surgical treatment of 250 patients with bilateral staghorn nephrolithiasis was successful in 246 (98.4±0.8%) patients. In case of residual stones, extracorporeal or ureterorenoscopic shock wave lithotripsy was performed. Conclusion. Despite the wide application of modern endoscopic methods of therapy in the treatment of this group of patients, in complex forms of staghorn nephrolithiasis open surgery is more effective

Study of the shower maximum depth by the method of detection of the EAS Cerenkov light pulse shape

The results of processing the data on the shape of the EAS Cerenkov light pulses recorded by the extensive air showers (EAS) array are presented. The pulse FWHM is used to find the mean depth of EAS maximum

Робот-ассистированная трансплантация почки. Первый опыт

Kidney transplantation is the preferred renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease. Traditional surgical approaches consisting of vascular and urinary outflow reconstruction during kidney transplant have been sufficiently studied and standardized. However, surgical techniques are still evolving. The objective of this clinical report is to focus the attention of kidney transplant surgeons and specialists on the currently trending robot-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) as a minimally invasive procedure for surgical treatment of patients with end-stage renal disease. In our first experience, good primary graft function was achieved. This shows that RAKT is a surgical option. With considerable number of surgeries and experience, RAKT outcomes would be improved significantly.Аллотрансплантация почки в настоящее время во всем мире является предпочтительным методом заместительной терапии у пациентов с терминальной стадией поражения почечной функции. Классические хирургические принципы сосудистой реконструкции и создания мочевого оттока при пересадке почки полностью изучены и стандартизированы. Несмотря на это, эволюция хирургической техники все же является непрерывным процессом. Целью данного клинического сообщения является акцентирование внимания хирургов-трансплантологов и специалистов, занятых в лечении реципиентов почек, на отражающем современные тенденции развития хирургии виде робот-ассистированной трансплантации почки (РАТП), как на щадящем методе оперативного лечения пациентов с терминальной стадией поражения почек. Результаты первого опыта в виде хорошей первичной функции трансплантата почки демонстрируют возможность использования РАТП как варианта хирургического вмешательства. Накопление же достаточного пула проведенных операций в значительной степени улучшит результаты использования такого метода лечения

Кистозный и железистый цистит, корреляция с уротелиальным раком мочевого пузыря

Background. Cystic-glandular cysititis is defined as cystic formation of the urothelial nests which may be associated with inflammatory conditions as well as neoplastic processes.Objective – to establish a relationship between cystic-glandular cysititis and bladder cancer.Materials and methods. We conducted a retrospective study using data of 52 patients who’d been diagnosed with cystic-glandular cysititis of common or intestinal type in the period between 2006 and 2014. The patients’ information regarding age, gender, type of histological material (biopsy or transurethral resection of bladder), urological anamnesis has been analyzed. Follow-up duration included cystoscopy performance with bladder biopsy and varied from 1 to 8 years.Results. Patients suffering from diagnosed cystic-glandular cystitis were between the ages of 27 and 89 years old, with a higher prevalence rate, 2:1, in men to women. Intestinal metaplasia was revealed in 7 (14 %) out of 52 patients. Thorough study of the urological anamnesis revealed 50 (96 %) cases of chronic bladder inflammation. Concurrent cancer was diagnosed in 6 (12 %) cases: 4 patients with urothelial carcinoma and 2 – with intestinal type adenocarcinoma. Follow-up of the remained 46 patients revealed the development of urothelial carcinoma in 1 patient which happened 6 months after his primary biopsy. By the way, this patient has already had upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma in his anamnesis.Conclusions. Study results show that there is a relatively frequent coexistence of cystic-glandular cystitis and bladder cancer. However, longterm follow-up of patients with cystic-glandular cystitis don’t allow us to consider this pathology as a preneoplastic.Введение. Кистозно-железистый цистит представляет собой кистозно расширенные «гнезда» уротелия, которые могут встречаться как при воспалительных состояниях, так и при опухолевых процессах.Цель исследования – определить наличие взаимосвязи между кистозно-железистым циститом и карциномой мочевого пузыря.Материалы и методы. Проведено ретроспективное исследование 52 историй болезни пациентов, у которых в период с 2006 по 2014 г. был диагностирован кистозно-железистый цистит с кишечной метаплазией или без таковой. Проанализированы следующие показатели: возраст, пол пациента, тип исследованного материала (биопсия или трансуретральная резекция мочевого пузыря), урологический анамнез пациентов. Динамическое наблюдение включало выполнение цистоскопического исследования с биопсией мочевого пузыря и составило от 1 до 8 лет.Результаты. Возраст пациентов с диагностированным кистозно-железистым циститом варьировал от 27 до 89 лет, соотношение пациентов мужского и женского пола составляло 2:1. Из 52 пациентов кишечная метаплазия была диагностирована у 7 (14 %), у 50 (96 %) в анамнезе отмечено хроническое воспаление мочевого пузыря. Наличие сопутствующей карциномы диагностировано в 6 (12 %) случаях: в 4 – уротелиальная карцинома и в 2 – железистая аденокарцинома кишечного типа. Динамическое наблюдение оставшихся 46 пациентов показало развитие уротелиальной карциномы только у 1 пациента через 6 мес после первичной биопсии, при этом в анамнезе у пациента была уротелиальная карцинома верхних мочевых путей.Выводы. Результаты исследования показывают довольно частое сосуществование кистозно-железистого цистита и карциномы мочевого пузыря, тем не менее длительное наблюдение за пациентами с кистозно-железистым циститом не позволяет рассматривать это состояние как предраковое

Robot-assisted kidney transplantation. First experience

Kidney transplantation is the preferred renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease. Traditional surgical approaches consisting of vascular and urinary outflow reconstruction during kidney transplant have been sufficiently studied and standardized. However, surgical techniques are still evolving. The objective of this clinical report is to focus the attention of kidney transplant surgeons and specialists on the currently trending robot-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) as a minimally invasive procedure for surgical treatment of patients with end-stage renal disease. In our first experience, good primary graft function was achieved. This shows that RAKT is a surgical option. With considerable number of surgeries and experience, RAKT outcomes would be improved significantly

Cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis: its relationship to the development of urothelial bladder cancer

Background. Cystic-glandular cysititis is defined as cystic formation of the urothelial nests which may be associated with inflammatory conditions as well as neoplastic processes.Objective – to establish a relationship between cystic-glandular cysititis and bladder cancer.Materials and methods. We conducted a retrospective study using data of 52 patients who’d been diagnosed with cystic-glandular cysititis of common or intestinal type in the period between 2006 and 2014. The patients’ information regarding age, gender, type of histological material (biopsy or transurethral resection of bladder), urological anamnesis has been analyzed. Follow-up duration included cystoscopy performance with bladder biopsy and varied from 1 to 8 years.Results. Patients suffering from diagnosed cystic-glandular cystitis were between the ages of 27 and 89 years old, with a higher prevalence rate, 2:1, in men to women. Intestinal metaplasia was revealed in 7 (14 %) out of 52 patients. Thorough study of the urological anamnesis revealed 50 (96 %) cases of chronic bladder inflammation. Concurrent cancer was diagnosed in 6 (12 %) cases: 4 patients with urothelial carcinoma and 2 – with intestinal type adenocarcinoma. Follow-up of the remained 46 patients revealed the development of urothelial carcinoma in 1 patient which happened 6 months after his primary biopsy. By the way, this patient has already had upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma in his anamnesis.Conclusions. Study results show that there is a relatively frequent coexistence of cystic-glandular cystitis and bladder cancer. However, longterm follow-up of patients with cystic-glandular cystitis don’t allow us to consider this pathology as a preneoplastic

Growth and characterization of ZnxSn1−xSe films for use in thin film solar cells

We have fabricated ZnxSn1−xSe (ZTSe) films for the first time. Samples were fabricated by chemical molecular beam deposition method at atmospheric pressure in hydrogen flow. ZnSe and SnSe powders with 99.999% purity were used as precursors. The temperature of precursors varied in the range of (850–950) °C. Films were deposited at substrate temperature of (500–600) °C. Borosilicate glass was used as a substrate. We have studied ZTSe films by EDS, XRD and SEM. The samples had orthorhombic and cubic structures depending on composition. Results of EDS have shown that stoichiometric composition of samples moved to ZnSe side by increasing with substrate temperature. SEM pictures have shown that samples had polycrystalline structure. The grain size varied in the range of (2–15) µm. The grain size of samples increased from (2–5) µm to (15–20) µm for substrate temperatures of 500 °C and 550 °C respectively. While, at a substrate temperature of 600 °C the grain size decreased up to (3–5) µm, possibly, because of increasing of ZnSe content. XRD analysis has shown that samples have ZnSe, SnSe, Se and Sn phases. The band gap of samples varied in the range of 1.0–2.0 eV depending on the film compositions. An inversion of the conductivity type was found: samples fabricated at 500 °C and 550 °C performed of p-type conductivity; while samples fabricated at 600 °C showed n-type conductivity

Effect of the Sb/Se Ratio on the Structural, Morphological and Electrical Properties of SbxSey Films

At the present, attention of many researchers is focused on Sb2Se3, Sb2S3 and Sb2(Sx, Se1-x)3 chalcogenide compounds. This is due to the physical properties of these materials, such as p-type conductivity, band gap Eg = 1.1÷1.8 eV, high absorption coefficient α ˃ 105cm-1 (for visible solar radiation), low melting point (823K and 885K for Sb2Se3 and for Sb2S3 respectively) and high partial pressure, which make these materials suitable for use as an absorbing layer in high efficiency thin film solar cells. In this work, we presented the effect of the Sb/Se ratio on the structural, morphological, and electrical properties of SbxSey films. SbxSey films were fabricated by chemical molecular beam deposition (CMBD) method from Sb and Se precursors at a substrate temperature of 500°C at atmospheric pressure hydrogen flow. The scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction analysis show that all films have a crystallite size of 2÷3 μm and an orthorhombic crystal structure. The electrical conductivity of the films varies in the range of ~10-5÷ 102 (Ohm • cm)-1 depending on Sb/Se ratio which was measured by van der Pauw method