Role of Genome Sequences of Major and Minor Millets in Strengthening Food and Nutritional Security for Future Generations

Millets are small-seeded cereals belonging to the family Poaceae. They are considered to be climate-resilient and future nutritional food cereals for humans. Millets are resistant to biotic and abiotic stressors compared to other major cereals and thrive in low-quality soils with little maintenance and less rainfall. The importance of millets is still not well known to many people due to the lack of popularity and cultivation in semi-arid tropics of Asia and Africa. The United Nations has declared 2023 as the International Year of Millets (IYM 2023) to promote millet cultivation and popularize their health benefits globally. A few years ago, the application of molecular biology was in its infancy in millets due to the unavailability of genome sequences. Genome sequences are available for most of the millets on NCBI and Phytozome databases. In this review, we discuss the details of genome sequences for millets, candidate genes identified from the native genome of millets. The current status of quantitative trait loci and genome-wide association studies in millets are also discussed. The utilization of millet genome sequences in functional genomics research and translating the information for crop improvement will help millet and non-millet cereals survive harsh environments in the future. Such efforts will help strengthen food security and reduce malnutrition worldwide in 2050

Characteristics and properties of nano-LiCoO2 synthesized by pre-organized single source precursors: Li-ion diffusivity, electrochemistry and biological assessment

Background: LiCoO2 is one of the most used cathode materials in Li-ion batteries. Its conventional synthesis requires high temperature (>800 degrees C) and long heating time (>24 h) to obtain the micronscale rhombohedral layered high-temperature phase of LiCoO2 ( HT-LCO). Nanoscale HT-LCO is of interest to improve the battery performance as the lithium (Li+) ion pathway is expected to be shorter in nanoparticles as compared to micron sized ones. Since batteries typically get recycled, the exposure to nanoparticles during this process needs to be evaluated. Results: Several new single source precursors containing lithium (Li+) and cobalt (Co2+) ions, based on alkoxides and aryloxides have been structurally characterized and were thermally transformed into nanoscale HT-LCO at 450 degrees C within few hours. The size of the nanoparticles depends on the precursor, determining the electrochemical performance. The Li-ion diffusion coefficients of our - LiCoO2 nanoparticles improved at least by a factor of 10 compared to commercial one, while showing good reversibility upon charging and discharging. The hazard of occupational exposure to nanoparticles during battery recycling was investigated with an in vitro multicellular lung model. Conclusions: Our heterobimetallic single source precursors allow to dramatically reduce the production temperature and time for HT-LCO. The obtained nanoparticles of LiCoO2 have faster kinetics for Li+ insertion/extraction compared to microparticles. Overall, nano-sized - LiCoO2 particles indicate a lower cytotoxic and (pro-)inflammogenic potential in vitro compared to their micron-sized counterparts. However, nanoparticles aggregate in air and behave partially like microparticles

Phosphate supply influenced the growth, yield and expression of PHT1 family phosphate transporters in seven millets

Main conclusion: Phosphate starvation altered the root morphology and phosphate uptake with the induction of PHT1 family transporter genes in root and shoot tissues of seven millets. Abstract: Millets are nutrient-rich cereals majorly cultivated in Asia and Africa. Foxtail millet (FoxM), pearl millet (PeaM), finger millet (FinM), kodo millet (KodM), little millet (LitM), proso millet (ProM), and barnyard millet (BarM) were examined for the influence of external phosphorous (P) supply on phenotypic traits, P uptake, yield, and PHosphate Transporter1 (PHT1) family gene expression. Millet seedlings grown under low Pi condition (LPC) produced significantly lower mean values for all traits except for lateral root length (LRL) and lateral root number (LRN) which were increased under LPC. Under LPC, seed weight (SW) also reduced by > 75% and had significantly lower levels of total P (TP) and Pi contents in leaf and root tissues. Expression dynamics of 12 PHT1 family (PHT1;1–1;12) transporters genes were analyzed in 7 millets. PHT1;2 has been found to be a constitutive transporter gene in all millets. Under LPC, root tissues showed the overexpression of PHT1;2, 1;3, 1;4 and 1;9 in FoxM, PHT1;1, 1;2, 1;3, 1;4, 1;8 and 1;10 in PeaM, PHT1;2 and 1;3 in FinM and ProM and PHT1;3, 1;6 and 1;11 in BarM. In leaf, LPC induced the expression of PHT1;3, 1;4 and 1;6 in FoxM, PHT1;2, 1;3, 1;4 and 1;8 in PeaM, PHT1;2, 1;3 and 1;4 in FinM and KodM, PHT1;2 in LitM and PHT1;4 in ProM and BarnM. This comprehensive study on the influence of P in phenotype, physiology, and molecular responses may help to improve the P uptake and its use efficiency of millets in future. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Peer reviewe

Ethnobotany of Irular tribe in Palamalai Hills, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

250-255The present paper highlights the use of plants for various ailments by Irular tribe living in Palamalai Hills. A total of 50 plants species belonging to 47 genera and 31 families used by them as herbal medicines to treat several common diseases such as skin diseases, dysentery, cough and cold, cuts and wounds, etc. were documented. During present study it has been observed that the ethnobotanical systems and herbal medicines as therapeutic agents are of a paramount importance in addressing health problems of traditional communities. The indigenous knowledge available with these people plays an important role in quick and proper identification of natural resources

The Role of PHT1 Family Transporters in the Acquisition and Redistribution of Phosphorus in Plants

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important macronutrients for plant growth and yield. Low availability of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in soil substantially curbs crop production, whereas excessive Pi fertilization causes economic and ecological problems. The rapid depletion of global rock phosphate (RP) reserves calls for efficient plant Pi-management. To cope with low Pi (LP) stress, plants have evolved morphological, physiological, molecular, and biochemical adaptations. Apart from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)-mediated Pi acquisition, Pi uptake, it's export, utilization, and remobilization depend on transport processes mediated by membrane bound PHosphate Transporters (PHTs), which are grouped into five families. Among these, the PHT1 family is the primary transporter involved in the acquisition of Pi from soil and redistribution within plants. In this review, we present a brief account on 5 PHTs (PHT1 to PHT5) and focus on PHT1s. We cover in detail the PHT1s identified and characterized until now in various plants including their phylogenetic relationships, induction by AMF, localization, and affinity. We also discuss the extant understanding of the regulation of PHT1s at transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. Further exploitation of PHT1s will help overcome the problems associated with LP soils and assist in improving crop yields through sustainable agriculture. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Peer reviewe

IgA-dominant infection-related glomerulonephritis in India: A single-center experience

IgA-dominant infection-related glomerulonephritis (IRGN) is a distinct morphologic variant of IRGN, characterized by dominant or codominant glomerular deposits of IgA, mostly in elderly and patients with diabetes. More cases are being reported in recent times due to increased awareness of the disease entity and increased rate of Staphylococcus infection. It usually presents as rapidly progressive renal failure with proteinuria, and treatment guidelines for this disease entity are not well defined. We report here 12 cases of IgA-dominant IRGN seen over a period of 5 years from a single center. Clinical features, biopsy findings, treatment, and outcomes were analyzed. Out of 12 patients, eight were males. The mean age of presentation was 52.4 ± 21 years. Skin was the most common site of infection seen in six patients. Gross hematuria was seen in 4 patients and 11 had nephrotic proteinuria. Eleven had low serum C3. Only two patients had diabetes. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the most common organism isolated in six patients. Most common histopathology was crescentic glomerulonephritis seen in seven patients, followed by endocapillary proliferation in three and diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis in two. Hemodialysis was done in eight patients and six patients received steroid therapy. End-stage renal disease developed in three patients, chronic kidney disease in three, and three patients died due to sepsis. Various infections including MRSA and Escherichia coli were associated with IgA-dominant IRGN both in patients with diabetes and nondiabetics. Suspicion and recognition of the disease is important as it has therapeutic and prognostic implications

Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] Improvement: Current Status and Future Interventions of Whole Genome Sequence

The whole genome sequence (WGS) of the much awaited, nutrient rich and climate resilient crop, finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) has been released recently. While possessing superior mineral nutrients and excellent shelf life as compared to other major cereals, multiploidy nature of the genome and relatively small plantation acreage in less developed countries hampered the genome sequencing of finger millet, disposing it as one of the lastly sequenced genomes in cereals. The genomic information available for this crop is very little when compared to other major cereals like rice, maize and barley. As a result, only a limited number of genetic and genomic studies has been undertaken for the improvement of this crop. Finger millet is known especially for its superior calcium content, but the high-throughput studies are yet to be performed to understand the mechanisms behind calcium transport and grain filling. The WGS of finger millet is expected to help to understand this and other important molecular mechanisms in finger millet, which may be harnessed for the nutrient fortification of other cereals. In this review, we discuss various efforts made so far on the improvement of finger millet including genetic improvement, transcriptome analysis, mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for traits, etc. We also discuss the pitfalls of modern genetic studies and provide insights for accelerating the finger millet improvement with the interventions of WGS in near future. Advanced genetic and genomic studies aided by WGS may help to improve the finger millet, which will be helpful to strengthen the nutritional security in addition to food security in the developing countries of Asia and Africa

Table_2_Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] Improvement: Current Status and Future Interventions of Whole Genome Sequence.DOCX

<p>The whole genome sequence (WGS) of the much awaited, nutrient rich and climate resilient crop, finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) has been released recently. While possessing superior mineral nutrients and excellent shelf life as compared to other major cereals, multiploidy nature of the genome and relatively small plantation acreage in less developed countries hampered the genome sequencing of finger millet, disposing it as one of the lastly sequenced genomes in cereals. The genomic information available for this crop is very little when compared to other major cereals like rice, maize and barley. As a result, only a limited number of genetic and genomic studies has been undertaken for the improvement of this crop. Finger millet is known especially for its superior calcium content, but the high-throughput studies are yet to be performed to understand the mechanisms behind calcium transport and grain filling. The WGS of finger millet is expected to help to understand this and other important molecular mechanisms in finger millet, which may be harnessed for the nutrient fortification of other cereals. In this review, we discuss various efforts made so far on the improvement of finger millet including genetic improvement, transcriptome analysis, mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for traits, etc. We also discuss the pitfalls of modern genetic studies and provide insights for accelerating the finger millet improvement with the interventions of WGS in near future. Advanced genetic and genomic studies aided by WGS may help to improve the finger millet, which will be helpful to strengthen the nutritional security in addition to food security in the developing countries of Asia and Africa.</p