Hall effect in cobalt-doped TiO2−δ_{2-\delta}

We report Hall effect measurements on thin films of cobalt-doped TiO$_{2-\delta}$. Films with low carrier concentrations (10$^{18}$ - 10$^{19}$) yield a linear behavior in the Hall data while those having higher carrier concentrations (10$^{21}$ - 10$^{22}$) display anomalous behavior near zero field. In the entire range of carrier concentration, n-type conduction is observed. The appearance of the anomalous behavior is accompanied by a possible structural change from rutile TiO$_{2}$ to Ti_[n}O$_{2n-1}$ Magneli phase(s)

Temperature dependent optical studies of Ti1−x_{1-x}Cox_xO2_2

We present the results of Raman and photoluminescence (PL) studies on epitaxial anatase phase Ti$_{1-x}$Co$_x$O$_2$ films for $x$ = 0-0.07, grown by pulsed laser deposition. The low doped system ($x$=0.01 and 0.02) shows a Curie temperature of ~700 K in the as-grown state. The Raman spectra from the doped and undoped films confirm their anatase phase. The photoluminescence spectrum is characterized by a broad emission from self-trapped excitons (STE) at 2.3 eV at temperatures below 120 K. This peak is characteristic of the anatase-phase TiO$_2$ and shows a small blueshift with increasing doping concentration. In addition to the emission from STE, the Co-doped samples show two emission lines at 2.77 eV and 2.94 eV that are absent in the undoped film indicative of a spin-flip energy.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

Optical band edge shift of anatase cobalt-doped titanium dioxide

We report on the optical properties of magnetic cobalt-doped anatase phase titanium dioxide Ti_{1-x}Co_{x}O_{2-d} films for low doping concentrations, 0 <= x <= 0.02, in the spectral range 0.2 to 5 eV. For well oxygenated films (d << 1) the optical conductivity is characterized by an absence of optical absorption below an onset of interband transitions at 3.6 eV and a blue shift of the optical band edge with increasing Co concentration. The absence of below band gap absorption is inconsistent with theoretical models which contain midgap magnetic impurity bands and suggests that strong on-site Coulomb interactions shift the O-band to Co-level optical transitions to energies above the gap.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, 1 table; Version 2 - major content revisio

High Temperature Ferromagnetism with Giant Magnetic Moment in Transparent Co-doped SnO2-d

Occurrence of room temperature ferromagnetism is demonstrated in pulsed laser deposited thin films of Sn1-xCoxO2-d (x<0.3). Interestingly, films of Sn0.95Co0.05O2-d grown on R-plane sapphire not only exhibit ferromagnetism with a Curie temperature close to 650 K, but also a giant magnetic moment of about 7 Bohr-Magneton/Co, not yet reported in any diluted magnetic semiconductor system. The films are semiconducting and optically highly transparent.Comment: 12 pages, 4 figure

A study of adverse drug reactions in patients receiving treatment for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis

Background: A high frequency of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) is one of the major challenges in the treatment of Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Patients may refuse to continue treatment if ADRs are not properly addressed, drugs may be stopped unnecessarily and treatment may be terminated prematurely by inexperienced health workers, resulting in a high proportion of failure.Methods: Patients diagnosed for MDR-TB and registered in Drug Resistant TB centre (DR-TB) of tertiary care hospital during period of July 2014 to June 2015 were enrolled in the study. Data of patients hospitalized for the complaints of ADR in DR-TB centre during study period was collected.Results: Out of 468 patients, 60 (12.82%) patients developed at least one adverse reaction and were hospitalised for the same. Among 109 reported ADRs, Gastrointestinal upset was the most common ADR reported (5.98%) followed by psychosis (4.91%) and ototoxicity (2.99%).Conclusions: The health providers, the patients and their relatives should be sensitised about these ADRs for early detection and treatment. It can also be suggested that the setup of DR-TB centre should be integrated with psychiatry and ENT specialities, with all the provisions of early detection of ADR and treatment

Ferromagnetism in laser deposited anatase Ti1−x_{1-x}Cox_{x}O_{2-\delta} films

Pulsed laser deposited films of Co doped anatase TiO2 are examined for Co substitutionality, ferromagnetism, transport, magnetotransport and optical properties. Our results show limited solubility (up to ~ 2 %) of Co in the as-grown films and formation of Co clusters thereafter. For Ti0.93Co0.07O2-d sample, which exhibits a Curie temperature (Tc) over 1180 K, we find the presence of 20-50 nm Co clusters as well as a small concentration of Co incorporated into the remaining matrix. After being subjected to the high temperature anneal during the first magnetization measurement, the very same sample shows a Tc ~ 650 K and almost full matrix incorporation of Co. This Tc is close to that of as-grown Ti0.99Co0.01O2-d sample (~ 700 K). The transport, magnetotransport and optical studies also reveal interesting effects of the matrix incorporation of Co. These results are indicative of an intrinsic Ti1-xCoxO2-d diluted magnetic semiconductor with Tc of about 650-700 K.Comment: 14 pages + 9 figure

The SCottish Alcoholic Liver disease Evaluation: a population-level matched cohort study of hospital-based costs, 1991-2011

Studies assessing the costs of alcoholic liver disease are lacking. We aimed to calculate the costs of hospitalisations before and after diagnosis compared to population controls matched by age, sex and socio-economic deprivation. We aimed to use population level data to identify a cohort of individuals hospitalised for the first time with alcoholic liver disease in Scotland between 1991 and 2011.Incident cases were classified by disease severity, sex, age group, socio-economic deprivation and year of index admission. 5 matched controls for every incident case were identified from the Scottish population level primary care database. Hospital costs were calculated for both cases and controls using length of stay from morbidity records and hospital-specific daily rates by specialty. Remaining lifetime costs were estimated using parametric survival models and predicted annual costs. 35,208 incident alcoholic liver disease hospitalisations were identified. Mean annual hospital costs for cases were 2.3 times that of controls pre diagnosis (£804 higher) and 10.2 times (£12,774 higher) post diagnosis. Mean incident admission cost was £6,663. Remaining lifetime cost for a male, 50-59 years old, living in the most deprived area diagnosed with acoholic liver disease was estimated to be £65,999 higher than the matched controls (£12,474 for 7.43 years remaining life compared to £1,224 for 21.8 years). In Scotland, alcoholic liver disease diagnosis is associated with significant increases in admissions to hospital both before and after diagnosis. Our results provide robust population level estimates of costs of alcoholic liver disease for the purposes of health-care delivery, planning and future cost-effectiveness analyses

Substrate-induced strain effects on Pr_{0.6}Ca_{0.4}MnO_{3} films

We report the characterization of the crystal structure, low-temperature charge and orbital ordering, transport, and magnetization of Pr_{0.6}Ca_{0.4}MnO_{3} films grown on LaAlO_{3}, NdGaO_{3}, and SrTiO_{3} substrates, which provide compressive (LaAlO_{3}) and tensile (NdGaO_{3} and SrTiO_{3}) strain. The films are observed to exhibit different crystallographic symmetries than the bulk material, and the low-temperature ordering is found to be more robust under compressive-- as opposed to tensile-- strain. In fact, bulk-like charge and orbital ordering is not observed in the film grown on NdGaO_{3}, which is the substrate that provides the least amount of nominal and measured, but tensile, strain. This result suggests the importance of the role played by the Mn--O--Mn bond angles in the formation of charge and orbital ordering at low temperatures. Finally, in the film grown on LaAlO_{3}, a connection between the lattice distortion associated with orbital ordering and the onset of antiferromagnetism is reported.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figure

Corrigendum to “Counting adolescents in: the development of an adolescent health indicator framework for population-based settings”

The authors were recently made aware of an oversight such that parts of the text in the Introduction and Methods sections, which describe shortcomings in the existing literature and the methods in this work to identify frameworks and indicators, were missing attribution to published work cited elsewhere in the manuscript. To clarify, we adjust the relevant sections to fully attribute the prior work in three areas, as described below. Underlined text is additional to the original: While both school- and community-based modalities can provide nationally representative data among eligible adolescents, several shortcomings in adolescent health measurement in LMICs were noted by the GAMA Advisory Group (Reference 13 as in the original paper). First, these measurements do not equally cover all adolescent subgroups, with evidence gaps being largest for males, younger adolescents aged 10–14 years, adolescents of diverse genders, ethnicities, and religions, as well as those out of school and migrants. Second, age-disaggregated data are often lacking—due in part to incomplete age coverage—limiting their use for program planning. Third, several aspects of adolescent health are inadequately covered including mental health, substance use, injury, sexual and reproductive health among unmarried adolescents, and positive aspects of adolescent health and well-being. Fourth, the definitions and assessment methods used across adolescent health indicator frameworks are inconsistent. For example, adolescent overweight and obesity—a major cause of non-communicable diseases and a public health risk for future and intergeneration health—is inconsistently captured across indicator frameworks and strikingly absent from the SDGs (Reference 13 as in the original paper). Additional shortcomings include, current adolescent health data systems often lack intersectoral coordination beyond health (e.g., with education, water and sanitation, and social protection systems) and suffer from irregularities in coverage and timing (Reference 6 as in the original paper). Broadly, these indicator frameworks and strategy documents captured disease burden, health risks, and prominent social determinants of health during adolescence. To be congruent with the existing global recommendations and guidelines (References 3–7 as in the original paper) and global measurement efforts (References 10 and 16 as in the original paper), the indicator framework documents had to meet three inclusion criteria, as laid out by the GAMA Advisory Group (Reference 14 as in the original paper): (1) provide recommendations about the measurement of adolescents' health and well-being; (2) include indicators for “adolescents” covering the adolescent age range (10–19 years) in the whole or part; and (3) be global or regional in scope. Using the GAMA's approach (Reference 13 as in the original paper), the recommendations of Lancet Adolescent Health Commission (Reference 6 as in the original paper), and several other guidelines (References 7, 9, 12, 17–19 as in the original paper), we selected adolescent health and well-being domains based on four key aspects of adolescents in LMICs: a) population trends; b) disease burden; c) drivers of health inequality; and d) opportunity for interventions

Counting adolescents in: the development of an adolescent health indicator framework for population-based settings

Changing realities in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in terms of inequalities, urbanization, globalization, migration, and economic adversity shape adolescent development and health, as well as successful transitions between adolescence and young adulthood. It is estimated that 90% of adolescents live in LMICs in 2019, but inadequate data exist to inform evidence-based and concerted policies and programs tailored to address the distinctive developmental and health needs of adolescents. Population-based data surveillance such as Health and Demographic Surveillance Systems (HDSS) and school-based surveys provide access to a well-defined population and provide cost-effective opportunities to fill in data gaps about adolescent health and well-being by collecting population-representative longitudinal data. The Africa Research Implementation Science and Education (ARISE) Network, therefore, systematically developed adolescent health and well-being indicators and a questionnaire for measuring these indicators that can be used in population-based LMIC settings. We conducted a multistage collaborative and iterative process led by network members alongside consultation with health-domain and adolescent health experts globally. Seven key domains emerged from this process: socio-demographics, health awareness and behaviors; nutrition; mental health; sexual and reproductive health; substance use; and healthcare utilization. For each domain, we generated a clear definition; rationale for inclusion; sub-domain descriptions, and a set of questions for measurement. The ARISE Network will implement the questionnaire longitudinally (i.e., at two time-points one year apart) at ten sites in seven countries in sub-Saharan Africa and two countries in Asia. Integrating the questionnaire within established population-based data collection platforms such as HDSS and school settings can provide measured experiences of young people to inform policy and program planning and evaluation in LMICs and improve adolescent health and well-being