The philosophical meaning of the ideology of patriotism

The aim of the study - to define the concept of "patriotism" and compare it with cosmopolitanism.Цель исследования – определить понятие «патриотизма» и сравнить его с космополитизмом

Collisional kinetics of non-uniform electric field, low-pressure, direct-current discharges in H2_{2}

A model of the collisional kinetics of energetic hydrogen atoms, molecules, and ions in pure H$_2$ discharges is used to predict H$_\alpha$ emission profiles and spatial distributions of emission from the cathode regions of low-pressure, weakly-ionized discharges for comparison with a wide variety of experiments. Positive and negative ion energy distributions are also predicted. The model developed for spatially uniform electric fields and current densities less than $10^{-3}$ A/m$^2$ is extended to non-uniform electric fields, current densities of $10^{3}$ A/m$^2$, and electric field to gas density ratios $E/N = 1.3$ MTd at 0.002 to 5 Torr pressure. (1 Td = $10^{-21}$ V m$^2$ and 1 Torr = 133 Pa) The observed far-wing Doppler broadening and spatial distribution of the H$_\alpha$ emission is consistent with reactions among H$^+$, H$_2^+$, H$_3^+$, and H$^-H$ ions, fast H atoms, and fast H$_2$ molecules, and with reflection, excitation, and attachment to fast H atoms at surfaces. The H$_\alpha$ excitation and H$^-$ formation occur principally by collisions of fast H, fast H$_2$, and H$^+$ with H$_2$. Simplifications include using a one-dimensional geometry, a multi-beam transport model, and the average cathode-fall electric field. The H$_\alpha$ emission is linear with current density over eight orders of magnitude. The calculated ion energy distributions agree satisfactorily with experiment for H$_2^+$ and H$_3^+$, but are only in qualitative agreement for H$^+$ and H$^-$. The experiments successfully modeled range from short-gap, parallel-plane glow discharges to beam-like, electrostatic-confinement discharges.Comment: Submitted to Plasmas Sources Science and Technology 8/18/201

Ультрасонографические и патоморфологические изменения при алиментарной лимфоме у кошек

The study aimed to determine the characteristic changes in alimentary lymphoma in cats during ultrasonography, pathoanatomic and cytological examination of biopsy material. The survey objects are cats with gastroenterological disorders with suspected alimentary lymphoma of different ages and genders. The diagnosis was made based on a clinical examination according to generally accepted methods, laboratory blood examination, ultrasound examination, pathomorphological examination of the intestinal walls and lymph nodes, and cytological examination of the lymph node material obtained by the TIAB method. The authors carried out the material sampling for cytological examination using percutaneous fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy under ultrasound control on the Mindray Z6 Vet apparatus. In addition, the authors conducted pathological and cytological studies in the Vet Union laboratory. When analyzing ultrasound examination in cats diagnosed with alimentary lymphoma, hepatomegaly, 1% ascites, 3% hydrothorax, 3 % increase in mediastinal lymph nodes, 7% splenomegaly, 16% violation of differentiation of intestinal layers, 16% violation of differentiation of intestinal layers, 29% increase in mesenteric lymph nodes, 29 % thickening of intestinal walls were observed in 12% of cases. Cytological examination revealed rounded, large, separately located cells. The population is monomorphic. During a histological study in the intestinal wall, adjacent fatty tissue of the omentum, and lymph node tissue, there is a highly cellular invasive formation constructed from diffuse layers of rounded lymphoid neoplastic cells with a scanty fibrous stroma. The most characteristic ultrasound findings are the thickening of the intestinal walls and an increase in mesenteric lymph nodes.Цель исследования заключается в определении характерных изменений при алиментарной лимфоме у кошек при ультрасонографии, патолого-анатомическом и цитологическом исследовании биопсийного материала. Объектами исследования являются кошки с гастроэнтерологическими нарушениями с подозрением на алиментарную лимфому разного возраста и пола. Диагноз ставился на основании клинического обследования по общепринятым методикам, лабораторного исследования крови, ультразвукового исследования, патоморфологического исследования стенок кишечника и лимфатических узлов, цитологического исследования материала лимфатических узлов, полученного методом ТИАБ (Тонкоигольная аспирационная биопсия). Авторы проводили забор материала для цитологического исследования методом черезкожной аспирационной тонкоигольной биопсии под ультразвуковым контролем на аппарате Mindray Z6 Vet. При анализе результатов ультразвукового исследования у кошек с диагнозом алиментарная лимфома в 12 % случаев наблюдалась гепатомегалия, 1 – асцит, 3 – гидроторакс, 3 – увеличение средостенных лимфоузлов, 7 – спленомегалия, 16 – нарушение дифференциации слоев кишечника, 16 – нарушение дифференциации слоев кишечника, 29 – увеличение мезентериальных лимфоузлов и 29 % – утолщение стенок кишечника. При цитологическом исследовании обнаружены округлые, крупные, отдельно расположенные клетки, популяция мономорфная. При гистологическом исследовании в стенке кишечника, прилегающей жировой ткани сальника и ткани лимфатического узла присутствует высококлеточное инвазивное образование, построенное из диффузных пластов округлых лимфоидных неопластических клеток со скудной фиброзной стромой. Наиболее характерными ультразвукововыми находками являются утолщение стенок кишечника, увеличение мезентериальных лимфоузлов

Методический подход к разработке стандартных образцов фазового состава технологических продуктов золотоизвлекательных фабрик

The paper describes the results of standardless quantitative XRD phase analysis (QPA) of 5 reference samples of elemental composition of sulphidic ore and technological products from Olimpiada gold deposit. The conformance between measured mineral composition and certified elemental composition is evaluated. Possibilities of the standardless QPA for determination of phase composition of the reference samples are discussed.Описываются результаты бесстандартного количественного рентгенофазового анализа минерального состава пяти стандартных образцов элементного состава сульфидной руды и технологических продуктов золотоизвлекательных фабрик Олимпиадинского ГОК. Оценивается соответствие полученного минерального и аттестованного элементного составов. Делается вывод о возможности создания на основе стандартных образцов элементного состава стандартных образцов фазового состава для настройки автоматизированных градуировочных рентгенофазовых методов анализа минерального состава руды и технологических продуктов золотоизвлекательных фабрик. Обсуждаются методические аспекты разработки стандартных образцов фазового состава

Enhancing surface production of negative ions using nitrogen doped diamond in a deuterium plasma

The production of negative ions is of significant interest for applications including mass spectrometry, particle acceleration, material surface processing, and neutral beam injection for magnetic confinement fusion. Methods to improve the efficiency of the surface production of negative ions, without the use of low work function metals, are of interest for mitigating the complex engineering challenges these materials introduce. In this study we investigate the production of negative ions by doping diamond with nitrogen. Negatively biased ($-20$ V or $-130$ V), nitrogen doped micro-crystalline diamond films are introduced to a low pressure deuterium plasma (helicon source operated in capacitive mode, 2 Pa, 26 W) and negative ion energy distribution functions (NIEDFs) are measured via mass spectrometry with respect to the surface temperature (30$^{\circ}$C to 750$^{\circ}$C) and dopant concentration. The results suggest that nitrogen doping has little influence on the yield when the sample is biased at $-130$ V, but when a relatively small bias voltage of $-20$ V is applied the yield is increased by a factor of 2 above that of un-doped diamond when its temperature reaches 550$^{\circ}$C. The doping of diamond with nitrogen is a new method for controlling the surface production of negative ions, which continues to be of significant interest for a wide variety of practical applications

A review of combined advanced oxidation technologies for the removal of organic pollutants from water

Water pollution through natural and anthropogenic activities has become a global problem causing short-and long-term impact on human and ecosystems. Substantial quantity of individual or mixtures of organic pollutants enter the surface water via point and nonpoint sources and thus affect the quality of freshwater. These pollutants are known to be toxic and difficult to remove by mere biological treatment. To date, most researches on the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater were based on the exploitation of individual treatment process. This single-treatment technology has inherent challenges and shortcomings with respect to efficiency and economics. Thus, application of two advanced treatment technologies characterized with high efficiency with respect to removal of primary and disinfection by-products in wastewater is desirable. This review article focuses on the application of integrated technologies such as electrohydraulic discharge with heterogeneous photocatalysts or sonophotocatalysis to remove target pollutants. The information gathered from more than 100 published articles, mostly laboratories studies, shows that process integration effectively remove and degrade recalcitrant toxic contaminants in wastewater better than single-technology processing. This review recommends an improvement on this technology (integrated electrohydraulic discharge with heterogeneous photocatalysts) viz-a-vis cost reduction in order to make it accessible and available in the rural and semi-urban settlement. Further recommendation includes development of an economic model to establish the cost implications of the combined technology. Proper monitoring, enforcement of the existing environmental regulations, and upgrading of current wastewater treatment plants with additional treatment steps such as photocatalysis and ozonation will greatly assist in the removal of environmental toxicants

THE BIBLICAL EPISODE ABOUT THE THREE TEMPTETIONS OF JESUS AS A TOPIC OF THE DIALOGUE BETWEEN F. M. DOSTOEVSKY AND V. A. ALEKSEEV

The article focuses on Dostoevsky's correspondence with the soloist of the Mariinsky Theater orchestra Vasily Alekseevich Alekseev, which appeared as a feedback after the release of "A Writer's Diary"

IDENTIFICATION OF LUMINESCENT CENTRES IN GLASS WITH COPPER AND CHLORINE IONS

Research results of luminescent and excitation spectra of potassium-alumina-borate glass with copper and chlorine ions luminescence are submitted. It is shown, that before the heat treatment glass luminescence is connected with molecular clusters Cun (n < 10). The broadband luminescence in the visible spectral region, appearing after the heat treatment, is due to the appearance of (CuCl)n and (Cu2O)n molecular clusters in glass matrix

(Bio)degradable Ionomeric Polyurethanes Based on Xanthan: Synthesis, Properties, and Structure

New (bio)degradable environmentally friendly film-forming ionomeric polyurethanes (IPU) based on renewable biotechnological polysaccharide xanthan (Xa) have been obtained. The influence of the component composition on the colloidal-chemical and physic-mechanical properties of IPU/Xa and based films, as well as the change of their properties under the influence of environmental factors, have been studied. The results of IR-, PMS-, DMA-, and X-ray scattering study indicate that incorporation of Xa into the polyurethane chain initiates the formation of a new polymer structure different from the structure of the pure IPU (matrix): an amorphous polymer-polymer microdomain has occurred as a result of the chemical interaction of Xa and IPU. It predetermines the degradation of the IPU/Xa films as a whole, unlike the mixed polymer systems, and plays a key role in the improvement of material performance. The results of acid, alkaline hydrolysis, and incubation into the soil indicate the increase of the intensity of degradation processes occurring in the IPU/Xa in comparison with the pure IPU. It has been shown that the introduction of Xa not only imparts the biodegradability property to polyurethane, but also improves the mechanical properties