414 research outputs found
Feasibility of transit photometry of nearby debris discs
Dust in debris discs is constantly replenished by collisions between larger
objects. In this paper, we investigate a method to detect these collisions. We
generate models based on recent results on the Fomalhaut debris disc, where we
simulate a background star transiting behind the disc, due to the proper motion
of Fomalhaut. By simulating the expanding dust clouds caused by the collisions
in the debris disc, we investigate whether it is possible to observe changes in
the brightness of the background star. We conclude that in the case of the
Fomalhaut debris disc, changes in the optical depth can be observed, with
values of the optical depth ranging from for the densest dust
clouds to for the most diffuse clouds with respect to the background
optical depth of .Comment: 19 pages, 15 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA
An empirical study on the preferred size of the participant information sheet in research
Background: Informed consent is a requirement for all research. It is not, however, clear how much information is sufficient to make an informed decision about participation in research. Information on an online questionnaire about childhood development was provided through an unfolding electronic participant sheet in three levels of information. \ud
Methods: 552 participants, who completed the web-based survey, accessed and spent time reading the participant information sheet (PIS) between July 2008 and November 2009. The information behaviour of the participants was investigated. The first level contained less information than might be found on a standard PIS, the second level corresponded to a standard PIS, and the third contained more information than on a standard PIS. The actual time spent on reading the information provided in three incremental levels and the participants' evaluation of the information were calculated. \ud
Results: 77% of the participants chose to access the first level of information, whereas 12% accessed the first two levels, 6% accessed all three levels of information and 23% participated without accessing information. The most accessed levels of information were those that corresponded to the average reading times. \ud
Conclusion: The brief information provided in the first level was sufficient for participants to make informed decisions, while a sizeable minority of the participants chose not to access any information at all. This study adds to the debate about how much information is required to make a decision about participation in research and the results may help inform the future development of information sheets by providing data on participants' actual needs when deciding about questionnaire surveys.\u
Dust absorption and scattering in the silicon K-edge
The composition and properties of interstellar silicate dust are not well
understood. In X-rays, interstellar dust can be studied in detail by making use
of the fine structure features in the Si K-edge. The features in the Si K-edge
offer a range of possibilities to study silicon-bearing dust, such as
investigating the crystallinity, abundance, and the chemical composition along
a given line of sight. We present newly acquired laboratory measurements of the
silicon K-edge of several silicate-compounds that complement our measurements
from our earlier pilot study. The resulting dust extinction profiles serve as
templates for the interstellar extinction that we observe. The extinction
profiles were used to model the interstellar dust in the dense environments of
the Galaxy. The laboratory measurements, taken at the Soleil synchrotron
facility in Paris, were adapted for astrophysical data analysis and implemented
in the SPEX spectral fitting program. The models were used to fit the spectra
of nine low-mass X-ray binaries located in the Galactic center neighborhood in
order to determine the dust properties along those lines of sight. Most lines
of sight can be fit well by amorphous olivine. We also established upper limits
on the amount of crystalline material that the modeling allows. We obtained
values of the total silicon abundance, silicon dust abundance, and depletion
along each of the sightlines. We find a possible gradient of
dex/kpc for the total silicon abundance versus the Galactocentric distance. We
do not find a relation between the depletion and the extinction along the line
of sight.Comment: 18 pages, 16 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and
Astrophysic
Investigating the interstellar dust through the Fe K-edge
The chemical and physical properties of interstellar dust in the densest
regions of the Galaxy are still not well understood. X-rays provide a powerful
probe since they can penetrate gas and dust over a wide range of column
densities (up to ). The interaction (scattering and
absorption) with the medium imprints spectral signatures that reflect the
individual atoms which constitute the gas, molecule, or solid. In this work we
investigate the ability of high resolution X-ray spectroscopy to probe the
properties of cosmic grains containing iron. Although iron is heavily depleted
into interstellar dust, the nature of the Fe-bearing grains is still largely
uncertain. In our analysis we use iron K-edge synchrotron data of minerals
likely present in the ISM dust taken at the European Synchrotron Radiation
Facility. We explore the prospects of determining the chemical composition and
the size of astrophysical dust in the Galactic centre and in molecular clouds
with future X-ray missions. The energy resolution and the effective area of the
present X-ray telescopes are not sufficient to detect and study the Fe K-edge,
even for bright X-ray sources. From the analysis of the extinction cross
sections of our dust models implemented in the spectral fitting program SPEX,
the Fe K-edge is promising for investigating both the chemistry and the size
distribution of the interstellar dust. We find that the chemical composition
regulates the X-ray absorption fine structures in the post edge region, whereas
the scattering feature in the pre-edge is sensitive to the mean grain size.
Finally, we note that the Fe K-edge is insensitive to other dust properties,
such as the porosity and the geometry of the dust.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and
Astrophysic
Trapping of drops by wetting defects
Controlling the motion of drops on solid surfaces is crucial in many natural phenomena and technological processes including the collection and removal of rain drops, cleaning technology and heat exchangers. Topographic and chemical heterogeneities on solid surfaces give rise to pinning forces that can capture and steer drops in desired directions. Here we determine general physical conditions required for capturing sliding drops on an inclined plane that is equipped with electrically tunable wetting defects. By mapping the drop dynamics on the one-dimensional motion of a point mass, we demonstrate that the trapping process is controlled by two dimensionless parameters, the trapping strength measured in units of the driving force and the ratio between a viscous and an inertial time scale. Complementary experiments involving superhydrophobic surfaces with wetting defects demonstrate the general applicability of the concept. Moreover, we show that electrically tunable defects can be used to guide sliding drops along actively switchable tracks—with potential applications in microfluidic
Network Analysis of Genome-Wide Association Studies for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Context of Biological Pathways
X-ray extinction from interstellar dust: Prospects of observing carbon, sulfur and other trace elements
We present a study on the prospects of observing carbon, sulfur, and other
lower abundance elements (namely Al, Ca, Ti and Ni) present in the interstellar
medium using future X-ray instruments. We focus in particular on the detection
and characterization of interstellar dust along the lines of sight. We compare
the simulated data with different sets of dust aggregates, either obtained from
past literature or measured by us using the SOLEIL-LUCIA synchrotron beamline.
Extinction by interstellar grains induces modulations of a given photolelectric
edge, which can be in principle traced back to the chemistry of the absorbing
grains. We simulated data of instruments with characteristics of resolution and
sensitivity of the current Athena, XRISM and Arcus concepts. In the relatively
near future, the depletion and abundances of the elements under study will be
determined with confidence. In the case of carbon and sulfur, the
characterization of the chemistry of the absorbing dust will be also
determined, depending on the dominant compound. For aluminum and calcium,
despite the large depletion in the interstellar medium and the prominent dust
absorption, in many cases the edge feature may not be changing significantly
with the change of chemistry in the Al or Ca bearing compounds. The
exinction signature of large grains may be detected and modeled, allowing a
test on different grain size distributions for these elements. The low cosmic
abundance of Ti and Ni will not allow us a detailed study of the edge features.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy &
Astrophysic
Magnesium and silicon in interstellar dust: an X-ray overview
The dense Galactic environment is a large reservoir of interstellar dust.
Therefore, this region represents a perfect laboratory to study the properties
of the cosmic dust grains. X-rays are the most direct way to detect the
interaction of light with dust present in these dense environments. The
interaction between the radiation and the interstellar matter imprints specific
absorption features in the X-ray spectrum. We study them with the aim of
defining the chemical composition, the crystallinity and structure of the dust
grains which populate the inner regions of the Galaxy. We investigate the
magnesium and the silicon K-edges detected in the Chandra/HETG spectra of eight
bright X-ray binaries, distributed in the neighbourhood of the Galactic centre.
We model the two spectral features using accurate extinction cross sections of
silicates, that we have measured at the synchrotron facility Soleil, France.
Near the Galactic centre magnesium and silicon show abundances similar to the
solar ones and they are highly depleted from the gas phase
( and ). We find that amorphous
olivine with a composition of is the most representative
compound along all lines of sight according to our fits. The contribution of
Mg-rich silicates and quartz is low (less than ). On average we observe a
percentage of crystalline dust equal to . For the extragalactic source
LMC X-1, we find a preference for forsterite, a magnesium-rich olivine. Along
this line of sight we also observe an underabundance of silicon .Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures, recommended for publication in Astronomy and
Astrophysic
HumanMethylation450K array–identified biomarkers predict tumour recurrence/progression at initial diagnosis of high-risk non-muscle Invasive bladder cancer
Background: High-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) is a clinically unpredictable disease. Despite clinical risk estimation tools, many patients are undertreated with intra-vesical therapies alone, whereas others may be over-treated with early radical surgery.
Molecular biomarkers, particularly DNA methylation, have been reported as predictive of tumour/patient outcomes in numerous solid organ and haematologic malignancies; however, there are few reports in HR-NMIBC and none using genome-wide array assessment. We therefore sought to identify novel DNA methylation markers of HR-NMIBC clinical outcomes that might predict tumour behaviour at initial diagnosis and help guide patient management.
Patients and methods: A total of 21 primary initial diagnosis HR-NMIBC tumours were analysed by Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip arrays and subsequently bisulphite Pyrosequencing. In all, 7 had not recurred at 1 year after resection and 14 had recurred and/or progressed despite intra-vesical BCG. A further independent cohort of 32 HR-NMIBC tumours (17 no recurrence and 15 recurrence and/ or progression despite BCG) were also assessed by bisulphite Pyrosequencing.
Results: Array analyses identified 206 CpG loci that segregated non-recurrent HR-NMIBC tumours from clinically more aggressive recurrence/progression tumours. Hypermethylation of CpG cg11850659 and hypomethylation of CpG cg01149192 in combination predicted HRNMIBC recurrence and/or progression within 1 year of diagnosis with 83% sensitivity, 79% specificity, and 83% positive and 79% negative predictive values.
Conclusions: This is the first genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of a unique HR-NMIBC tumour cohort encompassing known 1-year clinical outcomes. Our analyses identified potential novel epigenetic markers that could help guide individual patient management in this clinically unpredictable diseas
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