Lead in Kentucky Soils

This study reviewed the literature on the occurrence of lead in soils and its relationship to waste oil tank leaks. Many studies have been conducted on the natural occurrence of lead in rocks, soils and water. Very low levels (0.001 mg/l to 0.01 mg/l) are found in surface and groundwater, variable levels are found in soils (from less that 10 ppm to as high as 700 ppm but more normally a high of 70 ppm), and the lead levels found in rocks range from 7 to 80 mg/kg. Risk assessment calculations have been made by several individuals, also with variable results. One value was computed at 20 mg/kg lead in soil and another was calculated as high as 200 mg/kg. A standard of 25 mg/kg is proposed for Kentucky based on the natural background level found in soils studied in the state. For sample values taken in tank pits that do not meet this standard a background value must be determined by taking 5 soil samples at one-meter depth upgradient from the tank pit and averaging them. Even though recommended cleanup level is not based on risk analysis methods, when referring to various risk documents, the value selected here is slightly lower than mean value (36 mg/kg) derived from an analysis of background samples at various remediation sites across the state. Standards in place in other states range from less than 0.1 mg/kg to as high as 2000 mg/kg. Texas uses 20 times the MCL, and Pennsylvania uses 200 ppm for the non-indiustrial sites and 600 ppm for industrial sites

Morpho-histogenic studies of the fruit wall of Argemone mexicanaL. (papaveraceae)

The spiny capsule of Argemone mexicanadevelops from a unilocular ovary with numerous ovules borne on pariteal placentae. The ovary wall comprises a layer of outer epidermis and inner epidermis each with 12 to 14 layered ground parenchyma or mesoderm in between. The epicarp, which develops from the outer epidermis of the developing pericarp, possesses numerous anomocytic type of stomata, but no trichomes. The deep lyind mesodermal layers from the mesocarp, which embed pericarpic vascular bundles and their tangentially extended ramifications. The thin walled and highly vacuolated mesocarpic cells undergo disorganisation at the maturity of fruit. The tangentially elongated cells of inner epidermis of ovary from the endocarp, which at maturity of the fruit possesses thick walled cells. The cells of placentum of developing fruit contain abundant starch. Due to the contraction of disorganised parenchyma cells, the dried fruit, leaving the marginal veins and persistent stigma, dechisces at its apical region

Non-Abelian bosonization of the frustrated antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 chain

We study the spin-1/2 chain with nearest neighbor ($\kappa_1$) and next-nearest neighbor ($\kappa_2$) interactions in the regime $\kappa_2\gg \kappa_1$, which is equivalent to two chains with a `zig-zag' interaction. In the continuum limit, this system is described in term of two coupled level-1 WZW field theories. We illustrate its equivalence with four off-critical Ising models (Majorana fermions). This description is used to investigate the opening of a gap as a function of $\kappa_1$ and the associated spontaneous breakdown of parity. We calculate the dynamic spin structure factor near the wavevectors accessible to the continuum limit. We comment on the nonzero string order parameter and show the presence of a hidden ${\Bbb Z}_2\times{\Bbb Z}_2$ symmetry via a nonlocal transformation on the microscopic Hamiltonian. For a ferromagnetic interchain coupling, the model is conjectured to be critical, with different velocities for the spin singlet and spin triplet excitations.Comment: 20 pages, RevTeX, 1 postscript figure. Minor corrections added, resulting in different velocity renormalizations; no qualitative change in conclusion

Synthesis of a large communications aperture using small antennas

In this report we compare the cost of an array of small antennas to that of a single large antenna assuming both the array and single large antenna have equal performance and availability. The single large antenna is taken to be one of the 70-m antennas of the Deep Space Network. The cost of the array is estimated as a function of the array element diameter for three different values of system noise temperature corresponding to three different packaging schemes for the first amplifier. Array elements are taken to be fully steerable paraboloids and their cost estimates were obtained from commercial vendors. Array loss mechanisms and calibration problems are discussed. For array elements in the range 3 - 35 m there is no minimum in the cost versus diameter curve for the three system temperatures that were studied

Large-scale structure in the Lyman-alpha forest II: analysis of a group of ten QSOs

The spatial distribution of Ly-alpha forest absorption systems towards ten QSOs has been analysed to search for large-scale structure over the redshift range 2.2 < z < 3.4. The QSOs form a closely spaced group on the sky and are concentrated within a 1 deg^2 field. We have employed a technique based on the first and second moments of the transmission probability density function which is capable of identifying and assessing the significance of regions of over- or underdense Ly-alpha absorption. We find evidence for large-scale structure in the distribution of Ly-alpha forest absorption at the > 99 per cent confidence level. In individual spectra we find overdense Ly-alpha absorption on scales of up to 1200 km s^-1. There is also strong evidence for correlated absorption across line of sight pairs separated by < 3 h^-1 proper Mpc (q_0 = 0.5). For larger separations the cross-correlation signal becomes progressively less significant.Comment: 15 pages, LaTeX, 6 Postscript figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

Deriving a multivariate CO-to-H2_2 conversion function using the [CII]/CO(1-0) ratio and its application to molecular gas scaling relations

We present Herschel PACS observations of the [CII] 158 micron emission line in a sample of 24 intermediate mass (9<logM$_\ast$/M$_\odot$<10) and low metallicity (0.4< Z/Z$_\odot$<1.0) galaxies from the xCOLD GASS survey. Combining them with IRAM CO(1-0) measurements, we establish scaling relations between integrated and molecular region [CII]/CO(1-0) luminosity ratios as a function of integrated galaxy properties. A Bayesian analysis reveals that only two parameters, metallicity and offset from the star formation main sequence, $\Delta$MS, are needed to quantify variations in the luminosity ratio; metallicity describes the total dust content available to shield CO from UV radiation, while $\Delta$MS describes the strength of this radiation field. We connect the [CII]/CO luminosity ratio to the CO-to-H$_2$ conversion factor and find a multivariate conversion function $\alpha_{CO}$, which can be used up to z~2.5. This function depends primarily on metallicity, with a second order dependence on $\Delta$MS. We apply this to the full xCOLD GASS and PHIBSS1 surveys and investigate molecular gas scaling relations. We find a flattening of the relation between gas mass fraction and stellar mass at logM$_\ast$/M$_\odot$<10. While the molecular gas depletion time varies with sSFR, it is mostly independent of mass, indicating that the low L$_{CO}$/SFR ratios long observed in low mass galaxies are entirely due to photodissociation of CO, and not to an enhanced star formation efficiency.Comment: Submitted to MNRAS, this version after referee comments. 21 page

Cracking in asphalt materials

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of both laboratory characterization and modelling of bulk material fracture in asphalt mixtures. For the purpose of organization, this chapter is divided into a section on laboratory tests and a section on models. The laboratory characterization section is further subdivided on the basis of predominant loading conditions (monotonic vs. cyclic). The section on constitutive models is subdivided into two sections, the first one containing fracture mechanics based models for crack initiation and propagation that do not include material degradation due to cyclic loading conditions. The second section discusses phenomenological models that have been developed for crack growth through the use of dissipated energy and damage accumulation concepts. These latter models have the capability to simulate degradation of material capacity upon exceeding a threshold number of loading cycles.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

The neonicotinoid insecticide Imidacloprid repels pollinating flies and beetles at field-realistic concentrations

Neonicotinoids are widely used systemic insecticides which, when applied to flowering crops, are translocated to the nectar and pollen where they may impact upon pollinators. Given global concerns over pollinator declines, this potential impact has recently received much attention. Field exposure of pollinators to neonicotinoids depends on the concentrations present in flowering crops and the degree to which pollinators choose to feed upon them. Here we describe a simple experiment using paired yellow pan traps with or without insecticide to assess whether the commonly used neonicotinoid imidacloprid repels or attracts flying insects. Both Diptera and Coleoptera exhibited marked avoidance of traps containing imidacloprid at a field-realistic dose of 1 μg L-1, with Diptera avoiding concentrations as low as 0.01 μg L-1. This is to our knowledge the first evidence for any biological activity at such low concentrations, which are below the limits of laboratory detection using most commonly available techniques. Catch of spiders in pan traps was also slightly reduced by the highest concentrations of imidacloprid used (1 μg L-1), but catch was increased by lower concentrations. It remains to be seen if the repellent effect on insects occurs when neonicotinoids are present in real flowers, but if so then this could have implications for exposure of pollinators to neonicotinoids and for crop pollination. © 2013 Easton, Goulson

Cosmological Imprint of an Energy Component with General Equation of State

We examine the possibility that a significant component of the energy density of the universe has an equation-of-state different from that of matter, radiation or cosmological constant ($\Lambda$). An example is a cosmic scalar field evolving in a potential, but our treatment is more general. Including this component alters cosmic evolution in a way that fits current observations well. Unlike $\Lambda$, it evolves dynamically and develops fluctuations, leaving a distinctive imprint on the microwave background anisotropy and mass power spectrum.Comment: revised version, with added references, to appear in Phys. Rev. Lett. (4 pages Latex, 2 postscript figures

A comparative analysis of institutional arrangements in watershed development projects in India:Global Theme on Agroecosystems Report No. 50

Institutions are mechanisms provided by individuals in the community to resolve social dilemmas and these define and restrict access to and control over resources. In the context of watershed development they are organizational structures evolved in the process and their mutual interaction mechanism. Watershed development approach has evolved over the decades bringing a paradigm shift in thinking of decision makers, which resulted in shifting responsibilities of natural resource management towards local communities and following participatory approaches in implementation. As a result the new generation of watershed development projects encounter multi stakeholder situation requiring institutional arrangements to achieve efficiency and sustainability. The present study has looked into four leading watershed development projects viz: Andhra Pradesh Rural Livelihoods Programme (APRLP), Sujala Watershed Program in Karnataka, Indo-German Watershed Program (IGWP) in Maharashtra and Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) following Hariyali Guidelines, Rajasthan in India, which is known to have designed innovative operational modalities to enhance communities’ participation in management and implementation of the projects. There are no efforts in critically comparing different projects but assembling elements of institutional mechanisms and their mutual interactions so as to abstract the potentially significant institutional interaction and arrangements that could enhance the efficiency of any programe. Also development of capacities of these institutions and stakeholders and their linkages are studied closely to complement and fortify the objective of this study. This study showed that through capacity building and development of social capital along with suitable institutional mechanisms at local watershed as well as supporting institutions in terms of gender, equity and sustainability, improved livelihoods could be achieved. Critical institutional mechanisms and actors’ linkages in these programs are used to infer “good institutional mechanisms” for improving impact of watershed programs in India