Taking a Juvenile into Custody: Situational Factors that Influence Police Officers\u27 Decisions

Situational factors that influence police officers decisions to take juveniles into custody were investigated. A cross-sectional self administered survey was conducted. Four-hundred and twenty-eight male and female police officers from six police districts in Cleveland Ohio completed and submitted a twenty-five item questionnaire. Using a logistic regression model the study identified: adolescents who disrespect police officers; adolescents who are out late at night; adolescent males; anyone looking suspicious; and the age of the police officer as the most significant predictors. This was an exploratory study that sought to investigate police/juvenile encounters from a street level situational perspective. The results provided a basis for continued research in this area of inquiry

Konstruksi Pesan Penegakan Hukum Di Indonesia Dalam Film “Java Heat”

Melalui metode analisis narasi, penelitian ini bermaksud melihat konstruksi pesan penegakan hukum di Indonesia dalam film. Selain menarasikan penegakan hukum yang lemah di Indonesia, narator juga memunculkan atribusi-atribusi yang mengindikasikan adanya hegemoni media Hollywood. Penelitian ini menemukan perbedaan substansial antara Letnan Hashim dan Jake Travers sebagai aparat penegak hukum dari dua negara berbeda. Jake Travers digambarkan sebagai sosok Polisi Marinir AS yang heroik, sebaliknya Letnan Hashim digambarkan sebagai sosok Polisi Indonesia yang berlaku seperti pahlawan kesiangan. Narasi aparat penegak hukum dari dua negara berbeda tersebut menegaskan bahwa media Hollywood melakukan pengukuhan mitos heroisme dan penanaman ideologi bahwa aparat penegak hukum Amerika sangat hebat dan kuat

Structural and electrostatic effects at the surfaces of size- and charge-selected aqueous nanodrops.

The effects of ion charge, polarity and size on the surface morphology of size-selected aqueous nanodrops containing a single ion and up to 550 water molecules are investigated with infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy and theory. IRPD spectra of M(H2O) n where M = La3+, Ca2+, Na+, Li+, I-, SO42- and supporting molecular dynamics simulations indicate that strong interactions between multiply charged ions and water molecules can disrupt optimal hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) at the nanodrop surface. The IRPD spectra also reveal that "free" OH stretching frequencies of surface-bound water molecules are highly sensitive to the ion's identity and the OH bond's local H-bond environment. The measured frequency shifts are qualitatively reproduced by a computationally inexpensive point-charge model that shows the frequency shifts are consistent with a Stark shift from the ion's electric field. For multiply charged cations, pronounced Stark shifting is observed for clusters containing ∼100 or fewer water molecules. This is attributed to ion-induced solvent patterning that extends to the nanodrop surface, and serves as a spectroscopic signature for a cation's ability to influence the H-bond network of water located remotely from the ion. The Stark shifts measured for the larger nanodrops are extrapolated to infinite dilution to obtain the free OH stretching frequency of a surface-bound water molecule at the bulk air-water interface (3696.5-3701.0 cm-1), well within the relatively wide range of values obtained from SFG measurements. These cluster measurements also indicate that surface curvature effects can influence the free OH stretching frequency, and that even nanodrops without an ion have a surface potential that depends on cluster size

Gut microbial features can predict host phenotype response to protein deficiency.

Malnutrition remains a major health problem in low- and middle-income countries. During low protein intake, <0.67 g/kg/day, there is a loss of nitrogen (N2 ) balance, due to the unavailability of amino acid for metabolism and unbalanced protein catabolism results. However, there are individuals, who consume the same low protein intake, and preserve N2 balance for unknown reasons. A novel factor, the gut microbiota, may account for these N2 balance differences. To investigate this, we correlated gut microbial profiles with the growth of four murine strains (C57Bl6/J, CD-1, FVB, and NIH-Swiss) on protein deficient (PD) diet. Results show that a PD diet exerts a strain-dependent impact on growth and N2 balance as determined through analysis of urinary urea, ammonia and creatinine excretion. Bacterial alpha diversity was significantly (P < 0.05, FDR) lower across all strains on a PD diet compared to normal chow (NC). Multi-group analyses of the composition of microbiomes (ANCOM) revealed significantly differential microbial signatures between the four strains independent of diet. However, mice on a PD diet demonstrated differential enrichment of bacterial genera including, Allobaculum (C57Bl6/J), Parabacteroides (CD-1), Turicibacter (FVB), and Mucispirillum (NIH-Swiss) relative to NC. For instance, selective comparison of the CD-1 (gained weight) and C57Bl6/J (did not gain weight) strains on PD diet also demonstrated significant pathway enrichment of dihydroorodate dehydrogenase, rRNA methyltransferases, and RNA splicing ligase in the CD-1 strains compared to C57Bl6/J strains; which might account in their ability to retain growth despite a protein deficient diet. Taken together, these results suggest a potential relationship between the specific gut microbiota, N2 balance and animal response to malnutrition