Pelatihan Produksi Kompos dan Biogas di Kelurahan Limau Manis Selatan Kota Padang

Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi kelompok tani saat ini adalah terbatasnya pengetahuan, teknologi dan peralatan produksi untuk menghasilkan kompos yang berkualitas,  dengan demikian mutu kompos yang dihasilkan juga relatif masih  rendah, sementara potensi yang bisa dihasilkan cukup besar. Kotoran sapi yang ada selama ini juga belum dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber biogas, karena belum adanya teknologi tepat guna pembuatan biogas yang dikuasai kelompok tani. Penyelesaian masalah ditawarkan untuk dengan cara:                        (1) Memberikan pelatihan cara pembuatan kompos dengan memanfaatkan kotoran sapi dan kotoran ayam broiler, sisa hijauan makanan ternak dan limbah pertanian yang dihasilkan,     (2) Memberikan pelatihan pembuatan starter mikroba lokal untuk mempercepat terjadinya pengomposan, (3) Memberikan pelatihan serta peragaan pembuatan biogas dari kotoran sapi,  (4) Pembuatan model digester untuk produksi biogas pada skala rumah tangga dan               (5) Memberikan pelatihan penguatan kelembagaan kelompok tani untuk menuju kelompok tani yang profesional. Sesuai dengan rencana kegiatan maka dapat dijelaskan target luaran adalah (a) Bahan baku kompos dan Starter yang bisa digunakan, (b) Teknik pembuatan kompos untuk menghasilkan kualitas kompos yang baik, (c) Isu pertanian berkelanjutan dan pentingnya pupuk organik,  (d) Teknik mempersiapkan kompos untuk dipasarkan dan teknik memasarkan produk kompos dan (e) Peragaan pembuatan digseter untuk pembuatan biogas berbahan baku kotoran sapi untuk skala rumah tangga. Kata kunci: Pelatihan, Produksi kompos, Bioga

Resistance of thermally modified ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) wood under steam pressure against rot fungi, soil-inhabiting micro-organisms and termites

Thermal modification processes have been developed to increase the biological durability and dimensional stability of wood. The aim of this paper was to study the influence of ThermoWood® treatment intensity on improvement of wood decay resistance against soil-inhabiting micro-organisms, brown/white rots and termite exposures. All of the tests were carried out in the laboratory with two different complementary research materials. The main research material consisted of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) wood thermally modified at temperatures of 170, 200, 215 and 228 °C. The reference materials were untreated ash and beech wood for decay resistance tests, untreated ash wood for soil bed tests and untreated ash, beech and pine wood for termite resistance tests. An agar block test was used to determine the resistance to two brown-rot and two white-rot fungi according to CEN/TS 15083-1 directives. Durability against soil-inhabiting micro-organisms was determined following the CEN/TS 15083-2 directives, by measuring the weight loss, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) after incubation periods of 24, 32 and 90 weeks. Finally, Reticulitermes santonensis species was used for determining the termite attack resistance by non-choice screening tests, with a size sample adjustment according to EN 117 standard directives on control samples and on samples which have previously been exposed to soil bed test. Thermal modification increased the biological durability of all samples. However, high thermal modification temperature above 215 °C, represented by a wood mass loss (ML%) due to thermal degradation of 20%, was needed to reach resistance against decay comparable with the durability classes of ‘‘durable’’ or ‘‘very durable’’ in the soil bed test. The brown-rot and white-rot tests gave slightly better durability classes than the soil bed test. Whatever the heat treatment conditions are, thermally modified ash wood was not efficient against termite attack neither before nor after soft rot degradation

Influences of different factors on hardness and shear strength of mature Scots pine Pinus sylvestris in Sweden and Finland. Study report during the internship of the second year - academic year 2004/2005. Ecole superieure du bois, Nantes, France & Metla Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Centre, Finland

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Hyaluronan: Pharmaceutical characterization and drug delivery

Hyaluronic acid ( HA), is a polyanionic polysaccharide that consists of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and beta-glucoronic acid. It is most frequently referred to as hyaluronan because it exists in vivo as a polyanion and not in the protonated acid form. HA is distributed widely in vertebrates and presents as a component of the cell coat of many strains of bacteria. Initially the main functions of HA were believed to be mechanical as it has a protective, structure stabilizing and shock-absorbing role in the body. However, more recently the role of HA in the mediation of physiological functions via interaction with binding proteins and cell surface receptors including morphogenesis, regeneration, wound healing, and tumor invasion, as well as in the dynamic regulation of such interactions on cell signaling and behavior has been documented. The unique viscoelastic nature of hyaluronan along with its biocompatibility and nonimmunogenicity has led to its use in a number of cosmetic, medical, and pharmaceutical applications. More recently, HA has been investigated as a drug delivery agent for ophthalmic, nasal, pulmonary, parenteral, and dermal routes. The purpose of our review is to describe the physical, chemical, and biological properties of native HA together with how it can be produced and assayed along with a detailed analysis of its medical and pharmaceutical applications.Peer reviewe

Hyaluronic acid : a unique topical vehicle for the localized delivery of drugs to the skin

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring polyanionic, polysaccharide that consists of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and beta-glucoronic acid. It is present in the intercellular matrix of most vertebrate connective tissues especially skin where it has a protective, structure stabilizing and shock-absorbing role. The unique viscoelastic nature of HA along with its biocompatibility and non-immunogenicity has led to its use in a number of clinical applications, which include: the supplementation of joint fluid in arthritis; as a surgical aid in eye surgery; and to facilitate the healing and regeneration of surgical wounds. More recently, HA has been investigated as a drug delivery agent for various routes of administration, including ophthalmic, nasal, pulmonary, parenteral and topical. In fact, regulatory approval in the USA, Canada and Europe was granted recently for 3% diclofenac in 2.5% HA gel, Solaraze(R), for the topical treatment of actinic keratoses, which is the third most common skin complaint in the USA. The gel is well tolerated, safe and efficacious and provides an attractive, cost-effective alternative to cryoablation, curettage or dermabrasion, or treatment with 5-fluorouracil. The purpose of this review is to describe briefly the physical, chemical and biological properties of HA together with some details of its medical and pharmaceutical uses with emphasis on this more recent topical application.Peer reviewe