Implementación de procedimientos operacionales estándares de sanitización en la Empresa Agropecuaria Popoyan Proyecto La Carreta

La presente investigación se realizó en la Empresa Agropecuaria Popoyán S. A., ubicada en la zona 11, ciudad de Guatemala, "Proyecto La Carretera", su principal objetivo es el desarrollo de nuevos productos tipo. Mediante el diagnostico se pudo observar las distintas ensalada con variedades de lechuga que se desarrollan mediante la técnica del triple lavado, para asegurar la inocuidad y calidad del producto, en donde innovando se estudió el empaque de las atmósferas modificadas con la inyección de gases inerte para mantener y asegurar la calidad del producto, y durante la investigación se llevo a definir las cantidades de tiempos de inyección, vacío y sellado para que sean los niveles óptimos de empaque. Se evaluaron los parámetros microbiológicos, turgencia y color se determinó la vida de anaquel, las variedades de lechuga utilizadas fueron: lechuga romana, escarola amarilla y morada, las cuales previamente clasificadas con una inspección física, se determinaron aptas para desarrollar la fase descrita anteriormente. Los Procedimientos Operacionales Estándares de Sanitización (POES), son un eslabón de la cadena para garantizar el producto. Este describe el qué hacer en cada operación, las cuales van desde prevención de la contaminación cruzada hasta vigilar la salud de los empleados, las responsabilidades en cada procedimiento, la verificación y las concentraciones de producto utilizadas en cada área. Todo esto para mantener un estándar en las áreas y que los colaboradores tengan presente el propósito de cada procedimiento. La piña es un producto que al ser cortada para consumo en fresco tiene una vida de anaquel de cuatro días, con la aplicación de preservantes se alarga la vida de 8 días. Se realizó una evaluación sensorial para medir el agrado del consumidor del producto con aplicación de que preservantes prefiere y según el análisis, el bisulfito de sodio es de mayor preferencia por encima de la mezcla de: sorbato de potasio, ácido cítrico y bisulfito de sodio. El último tratamiento fue tomado del manual de la Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) para la conservación de productos, Al evaluar la vida de anaquel retiene los parámetros como pH y grados Brix, ya que al comparar con el testigo este sufre una elevación de los parámetros al día tres, el cual es el día clave para detener estos procesos, la boleta en la cual se le hizo un análisis sensorial al consumidor día a día, la detección de olor como fermento, sabor en la clasificación de dulce y no aceptable, la textura la turgencia del producto en el nivel de pérdida día a día. Obteniendo de esta forma la información necesaria para tomar las medidas correspondientes para cada producto. En la fase de Producción más limpia se hace una propuesta de mejora de instalaciones y plan de mejoras. Con la implementación de esta fase se tendría un ahorro mensual de 20 m³ de agua. El metro cúbico tiene un precio de Q 60,00, teniendo un ahorro equivalente a Q 1 200,00

Distinctive subdomains in the resorbing surface of osteoclasts.

We employed a novel technique to inspect the substrate-apposed surface of activated osteoclasts, the cells that resorb bone, in the scanning electron microscope. The surface revealed unexpected complexity. At the periphery of the cells were circles and crescents of individual or confluent nodules. These corresponded to the podosomes and actin rings that form a 'sealing zone', encircling the resorptive hemivacuole into which protons and enzymes are secreted. Inside these rings and crescents the osteoclast surface was covered with strips and patches of membrane folds, which were flattened against the substrate surface and surrounded by fold-free membrane in which many orifices could be seen. Corresponding regions of folded and fold-free membrane were found by transmission electron microscopy in osteoclasts incubated on bone. We correlated these patterns with the distribution of several proteins crucial to resorption. The strips and patches of membrane folds corresponded in distribution to vacuolar H+-ATPase, and frequently co-localized with F-actin. Cathepsin K localized to F-actin-free foci towards the center of cells with circular actin rings, and at the retreating pole of cells with actin crescents. The chloride/proton antiporter ClC-7 formed a sharply-defined band immediately inside the actin ring, peripheral to vacuolar H+-ATPase. The sealing zone of osteoclasts is permeable to molecules with molecular mass up to 10,000. Therefore, ClC-7 might be distributed at the periphery of the resorptive hemivacuole in order to prevent protons from escaping laterally from the hemivacuole into the sealing zone, where they would dissolve the bone mineral. Since the activation of resorption is attributable to recognition of the αVβ3 ligands bound to bone mineral, such leakage would, by dissolving bone mineral, release the ligands and so terminate resorption. Therefore, ClC-7 might serve not only to provide the counter-ions that enable proton pumping, but also to facilitate resorption by acting as a 'functional sealing zone'

Bone Is Not Essential for Osteoclast Activation

Background: The mechanism whereby bone activates resorptive behavior in osteoclasts, the cells that resorb bone, is unknown. It is known that avb3 ligands are important, because blockade of avb3 receptor signaling inhibits bone resorption, but this might be through inhibition of adhesion or migration rather than resorption itself. Nor is it known whether avb3 ligands are sufficient for resorption the consensus is that bone mineral is essential for the recognition of bone as the substrate appropriate for resorption. Methodology/Principal Findings: Vitronectin- but not fibronectin-coated coverslips induced murine osteoclasts to secrete tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, as they do on bone. Osteoclasts incubated on vitronectin, unlike fibronectin, formed podosome belts on glass coverslips, and these were modulated by resorption-regulating cytokines. Podosome belts formed on vitronectin-coated surfaces whether the substrates were rough or smooth, rigid or flexible. We developed a novel approach whereby the substrate-apposed surface of cells can be visualized in the scanning electron microscope. With this approach, supported by transmission electron microscopy, we found that osteoclasts on vitronectin-coated surfaces show ruffled borders and clear zones characteristic of resorbing osteoclasts. Ruffles were obscured by a film if cells were incubated in the cathepsin inhibitor E64, suggesting that removal of the film represents substrate-degrading behavior. Analogously, osteoclasts formed resorption-like trails on vitronectin-coated substrates. Like bone resorption, these trails were dependent upon resorbogenic cytokines and were inhibited by E64. Bone mineral induced actin rings and surface excavation only if first coated with vitronectin. Fibronectin could not substitute in any of these activities, despite enabling adhesion and cell spreading. Conclusions/Significance: Our results show that ligands avb3 are not only necessary but sufficient for the induction of resorptive behavior in osteoclasts; and suggest that bone is recognized through its affinity for these ligands, rather than by its mechanical or topographical attributes, or through a putative ‘mineral receptor’

Ethics, privacy and the legal framework governing medical data: opportunities or threats for biomedical and public health research?

Privacy is an important concern in any research programme that deals with personal medical data. In recent years, ethics and privacy have become key considerations when conducting any form of scientific research that involves personal data. These issues are now addressed in healthcare professional training programmes. Indeed, ethics, legal frameworks and privacy are often the subject of much confusion in discussions among healthcare professionals. They tend to group these different concepts under the same heading and delegate responsibility for "ethical" approval of their research programmes to ethics committees. Public health researchers therefore need to ask questions about how changes to legal frameworks and ethical codes governing privacy in the use of personal medical data are to be applied in practice. What types of data do these laws and codes cover? Who is involved? What restrictions and requirements apply to any research programme that involves medical data?Editorialinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe