Phylogenetic and multivariate analyses of Gekko smithii Gray, 1842 recover a new species from Peninsular Malaysia and support the resurrection of G. albomaculatus (Giebel, 1861) from Sumatra

An integrative taxonomic analysis of Sundaic populations of Gekko smithii from the Thai-Malaya Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo recovered four deeply divergent mitochondrial lineages that are separated by major geographic barriers (mountains and seaways). Furthermore, they bear a number of concordant statistically significant differences in meristic and morphometric features, morphospatial separation in multivariate space, and discrete differences in color pattern. Gekko smithii sensu stricto is restricted to southern Thailand south of the Isthmus of Kra and Peninsular Malaysia west of the Banjaran (mountain range) Titiwangsa, being that the type locality is on Penang Island, Penang. Gekko hulk sp. nov. is a new species from extreme southern Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia east of the Banjaran Titiwangsa and five east coast islands—the type locality being Pulau (island) Tioman, Pahang. Gekko cf. albofasciolatus is tentatively used to include Bornean populations west of the Iran Mountains in Sabah and Sarawak which, in the absence of molecular data, cannot unequivocally be separated morphologically from G. albofasciolatus from the type locality at Banjarmasin, Kalimantan, Indonesia east of the Iran Mountains. In the absence of molecular data, G. albomaculatus is resurrected to include mainland Sumatran, Nias Island, and Banyak Islands populations which, based on their morphology, cannot be separated from descriptions of G. albomaculatus from the type locality of Bangka Island, 15 km off the southeast coast of mainland Sumatra. Further integrative analyses of all Sumatran and Bornean populations are currently underway as well as the enigmatic Wallacean populations from Sulawesi. Data are presented that strongly suggest all references to G. smithii from Java stem from a 151 year-old misidentification of a specimen of G. gecko of unknown provenance. Additionally, there are no vouchered records of G. smithii from Myanmar. The phylogeographic patterns of Sundaic populations of the G. smithii complex are concordant with those of a plethora of other Sundaic lineages

Mean weight and height at baseline by demographic, socioeconomic and parasitic infections factors of Aboriginal children who participated in the study.

<p>MYR = Malaysian Ringgit; (US$1 = MYR3.05) [25^th February 2013].</p>*<p>Significant difference (<i>P</i><0.05; Independent samples t-test).</p

Flow chart of the participation and compliance in the present study.

<p>Flow chart of the participation and compliance in the present study.</p

Age-adjusted mean changes in weight and height-for-age Z-scores among children according to <i>Giardia</i> infection.

<p>All values are mean (95% confidence interval); Δ: change; mo: months; WAZ: weight-for-age Z-scores; HAZ: height-for-age Z-scores; WHZ: weight-for- height Z-scores.</p>*<p>Significant difference compared to <i>Giardia</i>-negative children (<i>P</i><0.05; Independent samples t-test).</p

Mean weight and height of children according to <i>Giardia</i> infection over time.

<p>All values are mean (SEM). ^* Significant difference (lower) compared to non infected group (Independent t-test, <i>P</i><0.05). <b>^†</b> Significant difference (higher) compared to previous assessment (Paired t-test, <i>P</i><0.05). Trend lines represent the linear weight and height increments (repeated measures ANOVA).</p

Sex-adjusted mean changes in weight and height-for-age Z-scores among children according to <i>Giardia</i> infection.

<p>All values are mean (95% confidence interval); Δ: change; mo: months; WAZ: weight-for-age Z-scores; HAZ: height-for-age Z-scores; WHZ: weight-for- height Z-scores.</p>*<p>Significant difference compared to <i>Giardia</i>-negative children (<i>P</i><0.05; Independent samples t-test).</p