Features of subjective well-being of Russian and Chinese students: A comparative analysis of the problem

Introduction. The subjective well-being of students is an important factor affecting academic achievements and professional development. The number of Chinese students studying in Russia is already quite large, and there is a potential for growing cooperation between our countries. Therefore, the study of the subjective well-being of Chinese students in their comparison with Russian students is relevant not only from an academic point of view (as a cross-cultural study of the globalising world), but also from a practical point of view. Aim. The aim of the present research is to theoretically and empirically study the subjective well-being in general and its individual components among Chinese students getting higher education in Russia, in comparison with Russian students there. Methodology and research methods. The methodological principles of the study are activity-based and subject-activity approaches, as well as the principles of consistency and system analysis. The theoretical study was conducted using the bibliographic method. The empirical study used the testing method and methods of statistical data processing. An empirical study was conducted on 392 students of the RUDN. The following psychodiagnostic methods were applied in the study: “Scale of Subjective Well-Being” by A. Perue-Badu (adaptation by M. V. Sokolova), “Questionnaire of Self-Attitude” (V. V. Stolin, S. R. Pantileev), “Oxford Happiness Questionnaire”, “Subjective Assessment of Appearance” (V. A. Labunskaya, E. V. Belugina), and “Scale of Basic Beliefs” by R. Yanov-Bulman (adaptation by O. Kravtsova). The statistical Mann-Whitney U criterion was used for the calculations. The calculations were performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 23 program. Scientific novelty and results. The scientific novelty and the most significant research results consist in identifying the features of subjective well-being and related personal characteristics of Chinese students studying at Russian universities, in comparison with Russian students there. It was found that most of the indicators of subjective well-being of Chinese students are at a lower level than those of Russian ones. The exception is the parameters “psychoemotional state” and “tension and sensitivity”, for which Chinese students show better scores. Practical significance. The practical significance of this work is that the authors developed the recommendations aimed to improving the indicators of the subjective well-being of Russian and Chinese students studying in Russian universities.Введение. Актуальность данного исследования заключается в том, что субъективное благополучие студентов является важным фактором, влияющим на академическую успеваемость и профессиональное становление. Число китайских студентов, которые учатся в России, уже сейчас достаточно велико, и есть потенциал для усиления сотрудничества наших стран в этой сфере. Поэтому исследование субъективного благополучия китайских студентов в их сравнении с российскими актуально не только с академической точки зрения (как кросс-культурное исследование глобализующегося мира), но и с практической. Цель исследования заключается в теоретическом и эмпирическом изучении субъективного благополучия в целом и отдельных его составляющих у китайских студентов, получающих высшее образование в России, в сравнении с российскими студентами, обучающимися у себя на родине. Методология и методы. Методологическими принципами работы выступили деятельностный и субъектно-деятельностный подходы, а также принцип системности и системного анализа. Теоретическое исследование было проведено с использованием библиографического метода. В эмпирическом исследовании использовался метод тестирования и методы статистической обработки данных. Эмпирическое исследование было проведено на 392 студентах РУДН. В исследовании были задействованы следующие психодиагностические методики: «Шкала субъективного благополучия» А. Перуэ-Баду (адаптация М. В. Соколовой), «Опросник cамоотношения» (В. В. Столин, С. Р. Пантелеев), «Оксфордский опросник счастья», «Субъективная оценка внешнего облика» (В. А. Лабунская, Е. В. Белугина), «Шкала базисных убеждений» Р. Янов-Бульман (адаптация О. Кравцовой). Для вычислений был задействован статистический критерий U Манна-Уитни. Вычисления производились с помощью программы IBM SPSS Statistics 23. Научная новизна и наиболее существенные результаты исследования состоят в выявлении особенностей субъективного благополучия и связанных с ним личностных особенностей у китайских студентов, обучающихся в вузах России, в сравнении с российскими студентами. Было выявлено, что большая часть показателей субъективного благополучия у китайских студентов выражена на более низком уровне, чем у российских. Исключение составляют параметры «психоэмоциональное состояние» и «напряженность и чувствительность», по которым китайские студенты демонстрируют лучшие показатели. Практическая значимость исследования состоит в том, что на основании полученных результатов были разработаны рекомендации, направленные на улучшение показателей субъективного благополучия российских и китайских студентов, обучающихся в вузах России.This paper has been supported by the RUDN University Strategic Academic Leadership Programme. The authors also express their gratitude to the anonymous reviewers of the Education and Science Journal for their valuable comments and recommendations, which helped to significantly improve the quality of the prepared article.Публикация выполнена при поддержке Программы стратегического академического лидерства РУДН. Авторы также выражают благодарность анонимным рецензентам журнала «Образование и наука» за ценные замечания и рекомендации, которые помогли существенно улучшить качество подготовленной статьи

Psychological well-being and value-semantic sphere of personality among psychology students

Introduction. The relevance of the study of psychological well-being and its correlation with the value-semantic sphere of the personality among students-psychologists is due to the need to train specialists in helping professions, who are able to carry out competent psychological support of the subject during a period of growing instability.The aim of the present research is to identify the characteristics of psychological well-being and its correlations with the value-semantic sphere of psychology students' personality in terms of personal values, basic semantic attitudes, self-actualisation of the personality, a dynamic system of life meanings for understanding and working out flexible supra-professional skills associated with self-organisation and self-development of career paths to maintain professional health.Methodology and research methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the subject-activity approach to psychological well-being and the value-semantic sphere of the individual, developed by the Russian psychology, taking into account the scientific works of foreign authors. An empirical study was conducted among students-psychologists of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (N = 80) using the psychodiagnostic methods: “Scale of Psychological Well-Being” by K. Riff (adapted by T. P. Shevelenkova and P. P. Fesenko), “Self-Actualization Test” (by E. Shostrom), “Value Questionnaire” (by Sh. Schwartz), test “Meaningful Orientations” (by D. A. Leontiev), “System of Life Meanings” (by V. Yu. Kotlyakov), “Basic Semantic Attitudes” (by A. D. Ishkov and N. G. Milardova). The following methods of mathematical statistics were applied: correlation (Spearman's р) and factor analysis (principal component method), IBM SPSS Statistics 22 program.Results. The revealed significant correlations between psychological well-being, value orientations and semantic attitudes of psychology students confirm that the respondents' goal-setting is limited by the lack of a sense of independence, as well as the need to combine new and traditional methods for society to manage and control their activities. Self-actualisation of the individual is constrained by the presence of semantic attitudes of the respondents, reflecting their dependence on emotional support and the opinions of others. The results of factor analysis demonstrate the presence of five factors in the personality structure: the factor of safety and stability of life when it is meaningful and manageable; the factor of self-actualisation regardless of the environment; the factor of psychological well-being with the meaningfulness of personal development; the factor of manifesting concern for the well-being of loved ones with a decrease in exactingness and responsibility for them; the factor of achieving personal success with the ability to take risks.Scientific novelty. The authors made an attempt at investigating the correlations of psychological well-being with certain aspects of the value-semantic sphere of the personality among young specialists in the helping profession, for whom this area of the psyche acquires professional and personal significance.Practical significance. The results of the current research can be employed in the course of preparation and design of professional supervision programmes for students-psychologists, as well as in the process of development of over-professional skills associated with the reflection of young specialists of their own life-creating resources, located in the space of complex interaction of psychological well-being and value-semantic sphere.Введение. Актуальность исследования психологического благополучия и его связи с ценностно-смысловой сферой личности студентов-психологов обусловливается необходимостью подготовки специалистов помогающих профессий, способных осуществлять грамотное психологическое сопровождение субъекта в период нарастающей нестабильности.Цель исследования заключается в выявлении особенностей психологического благополучия и его связей с ценностно-смысловой сферой личности студентов-психологов в терминах личностных ценностей, базовых смысловых установок, самоактуализации личности, динамической системы жизненных смыслов для понимания и проработки личностью гибких надпрофессиональных навыков, связанных с самоорганизацией и саморазвитием карьерного пути, поддержанием профессионального здоровья.Методология и методы. Теоретико-методологической основой исследования выступил субъектно-деятельностный подход к психологическому благополучию и ценностно-смысловой сфере личности, разрабатываемый отечественной психологией с учетом научных работ зарубежных авторов. Эмпирическое исследование проведено среди студентов-психологов Российского университета дружбы народов (N = 80) с применением психодиагностических методик: «Шкала психологического благополучия» К. Рифф (в адаптации Т. П. Шевеленковой и П. П. Фесенко), «Самоактуализационный тест» (Э. Шостром), «Ценностный опросник» (Ш. Шварц), тест «Смысложизненных ориентаций» (Д. А. Леонтьев), «Система жизненных смыслов» (В. Ю. Котляков), «Базовые смысловые установки» (А. Д. Ишков, Н. Г. Милардова). Использованы методы математической статистики: корреляционный (р Спирмена) и факторный анализ (метод главных компонент), - а также программа IBM SPSS Statistics 22. Результаты. Выявленные значимые корреляционные связи психологического благополучия и ценностных ориентаций студентов-психологов, их смысловых установок подтверждают, что целеполагание респондентов ограничивается отсутствием чувства независимости, а также необходимостью совмещать новые и традиционные для общества способы управления своей деятельностью и ее контроля. Самоактуализация личности сдерживается наличием смысловых установок респондентов, отражающих их зависимость от эмоциональной поддержки и мнения окружающих. Результаты факторного анализа демонстрируют наличие в структуре личности пяти факторов: фактора безопасности и стабильности жизни при ее осмысленности и управляемости; фактора самоактуализации при независимости от среды; фактора психологического благополучия при осмысленности личностного развития; фактора проявления заботы о благополучии близких людей при снижении требовательности и ответственности за них; фактора достижения личного успеха при способности рискнуть.Научная новизна заключается в попытке изучения связей психологического благополучия с отдельными аспектами ценностно-смысловой сферы личности у молодых специалистов помогающих профессий, для которых данная область психики приобретает профессиональную и личностную значимость.Практическая значимость состоит в возможности применения полученных результатов при формировании профессиональных программ супервизии студентов-психологов, при развитии надпрофессиональных навыков, связанных с рефлексией молодыми специалистами собственных жизнетворческих ресурсов, находящихся в пространстве сложного взаимодействия психологического благополучия и ценностно-смысловой сферы личности.The present research has been supported by the RUDN University Strategic Academic Leadership Program. The authors also express their gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and recommendations, which helped to significantly improve the quality of the prepared article.Публикация выполнена при поддержке Программы стратегического академического лидерства РУДН. Авторы также выражают благодарность анонимным рецензентам за ценные замечания и рекомендации, которые помогли существенно улучшить качество подготовленной статьи

Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination on Serotype-Specific Carriage and Invasive Disease in England: A Cross-Sectional Study

A cross sectional study by Stefan Flasche and coworkers document the serotype replacement of Streptococcus pneumoniae that has occurred in England since the introduction of PCV7 vaccination

Changes in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 1 Following Introduction of PCV10 and PCV13: Findings from the PSERENADE Project.

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 (ST1) was an important cause of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) globally before the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) containing ST1 antigen. The Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) project gathered ST1 IPD surveillance data from sites globally and aimed to estimate PCV10/13 impact on ST1 IPD incidence. We estimated ST1 IPD incidence rate ratios (IRRs) comparing the pre-PCV10/13 period to each post-PCV10/13 year by site using a Bayesian multi-level, mixed-effects Poisson regression and all-site IRRs using a linear mixed-effects regression (N = 45 sites). Following PCV10/13 introduction, the incidence rate (IR) of ST1 IPD declined among all ages. After six years of PCV10/13 use, the all-site IRR was 0.05 (95% credibility interval 0.04–0.06) for all ages, 0.05 (0.04–0.05) for <5 years of age, 0.08 (0.06–0.09) for 5–17 years, 0.06 (0.05–0.08) for 18–49 years, 0.06 (0.05–0.07) for 50–64 years, and 0.05 (0.04–0.06) for ≥65 years. PCV10/13 use in infant immunization programs was followed by a 95% reduction in ST1 IPD in all ages after approximately 6 years. Limited data availability from the highest ST1 disease burden countries using a 3+0 schedule constrains generalizability and data from these settings are needed

Pneumonia and poverty: a prospective population-based study among children in Brazil

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Children in developing country suffer the highest burden of pneumonia. However, few studies have evaluated associations between poverty and pneumonia.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A prospective population-based study on pneumonia was carried out as part of the Latin America Epidemiological Assessment of Pneumococcus (LEAP study). Chest x-rays were obtained for children one to 35 months old with suspected pneumonia presenting to emergency care centers and hospital emergency rooms in Goiania, Brazil. Chest radiographs were evaluated according to WHO guidelines. Clustering of radiologically-confirmed pneumonia were evaluated using a Poisson-based spatial scan statistic. Associations between census socioeconomic indicators and pneumonia incidence rates were analyzed using generalized linear models.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>From May, 2007 to May, 2009, chest radiographs were obtained from 11 521 children with clinical pneumonia; 3955 episodes were classified as radiologically-confirmed. Incidence rates were significantly higher in very low income areas (4825.2 per 10⁵) compared to high income areas (1637.3 per 10⁵). Spatial analysis identified clustering of confirmed pneumonia in Western (RR 1.78; p = 0.001) and Southeast (RR 1.46; p = 0.001) regions of the city, and clustering of hospitalized pneumonia in the Western region (RR 1.69; p = 0.001). Lower income households and illiteracy were associated with pneumonia incidence.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In infants the risk of developing pneumonia is inversely associated with the head of household income and with the woman educational level. Areas with deprived socioeconomic conditions had higher incidence of pneumonia and should be targeted for high vaccination coverage.</p

Population genetic structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Kilifi, Kenya, prior to the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

BACKGROUND: The 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) was introduced in Kenya in 2011. Introduction of any PCV will perturb the existing pneumococcal population structure, thus the aim was to genotype pneumococci collected in Kilifi before PCV10. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), we genotyped >1100 invasive and carriage pneumococci from children, the largest collection genotyped from a single resource-poor country and reported to date. Serotype 1 was the most common serotype causing invasive disease and was rarely detected in carriage; all serotype 1 isolates were members of clonal complex (CC) 217. There were temporal fluctuations in the major circulating sequence types (STs); and although 1-3 major serotype 1, 14 or 23F STs co-circulated annually, the two major serotype 5 STs mainly circulated independently. Major STs/CCs also included isolates of serotypes 3, 12F, 18C and 19A and each shared ≤ 2 MLST alleles with STs that circulate widely elsewhere. Major CCs associated with non-PCV10 serotypes were predominantly represented by carriage isolates, although serotype 19A and 12F CCs were largely invasive and a serotype 10A CC was equally represented by invasive and carriage isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the pre-PCV10 population genetic structure in Kilifi will allow for the detection of changes in prevalence of the circulating genotypes and evidence for capsular switching post-vaccine implementation

Global landscape review of serotype-specific invasive pneumococcal disease surveillance among countries using PCV10/13: The pneumococcal serotype replacement and distribution estimation (PSERENADE) project

Serotype-specific surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) is essential for assessing the impact of 10- and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV10/13). The Pneumococcal Serotype Replacement and Distribution Estimation (PSERENADE) project aimed to evaluate the global evidence to estimate the impact of PCV10/13 by age, product, schedule, and syndrome. Here we systematically characterize and summarize the global landscape of routine serotype-specific IPD surveillance in PCV10/13-using countries and describe the subset that are included in PSERENADE. Of 138 countries using PCV10/13 as of 2018, we identified 109 with IPD surveillance systems, 76 of which met PSERENADE data collection eligibility criteria. PSERENADE received data from most (n = 63, 82.9%), yielding 240,639 post-PCV10/13 introduction IPD cases. Pediatric and adult surveillance was represented from all geographic regions but was limited from lower income and high-burden countries. In PSERENADE, 18 sites evaluated PCV10, 42 PCV13, and 17 both; 17 sites used a 3 + 0 schedule, 38 used 2 + 1, 13 used 3 + 1, and 9 used mixed schedules. With such a sizeable and generally representative dataset, PSERENADE will be able to conduct robust analyses to estimate PCV impact and inform policy at national and global levels regarding adult immunization, schedule, and product choice, including for higher valency PCVs on the horizon

Streptococcus pneumoniae Clonal Complex 199: Genetic Diversity and Tissue-Specific Virulence

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of otitis media and invasive disease. Since introduction of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, there has been an increase in replacement disease due to serotype 19A clonal complex (CC)199 isolates. The goals of this study were to 1) describe genetic diversity among nineteen CC199 isolates from carriage, middle ear, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid, 2) compare CC199 19A (n = 3) and 15B/C (n = 2) isolates in the chinchilla model for pneumococcal disease, and 3) identify accessory genes associated with tissue-specific disease among a larger collection of S. pneumoniae isolates. CC199 isolates were analyzed by comparative genome hybridization. One hundred and twenty-seven genes were variably present. The CC199 phylogeny split into two main clades, one comprised predominantly of carriage isolates and another of disease isolates. Ability to colonize and cause disease did not differ by serotype in the chinchilla model. However, isolates from the disease clade were associated with faster time to bacteremia compared to carriage clade isolates. One 19A isolate exhibited hypervirulence. Twelve tissue-specific genes/regions were identified by correspondence analysis. After screening a diverse collection of 326 isolates, spr0282 was associated with carriage. Four genes/regions, SP0163, SP0463, SPN05002 and RD8a were associated with middle ear isolates. SPN05002 also associated with blood and CSF, while RD8a associated with blood isolates. The hypervirulent isolate's genome was sequenced using the Solexa paired-end sequencing platform and compared to that of a reference serotype 19A isolate, revealing the presence of a novel 20 kb region with sequence similarity to bacteriophage genes. Genetic factors other than serotype may modulate virulence potential in CC199. These studies have implications for the long-term effectiveness of conjugate vaccines. Ideally, future vaccines would target common proteins to effectively reduce carriage and disease in the vaccinated population