Універсальне граматичне значення перфектності як об’єкт перекладацького аналізу (Universal categorial of Perfect meaning based on the principle of mutual translatability)

У статті наводиться перекладацький аналіз що базується на зіставному вивченні формального вираження універсального категоріального значення перфектності в англійській та українській мовах, яке роглядається у тісному зв’язку із принципом загальної перекладності. (The purpose of this study is to investigate the category of perfect basing on the theory of universal grammar, which may contribute to the translation practice. Re-coding the message in different languages does not change the underlying universal grammatical meaning. The minimal functions are redistributed within the contextual complex. In choosing this or that grammatical means in particular languages a language user evaluates their appropriateness following the same universal strategic guidelines, though final choices depend upon the functional potential of the grammatical means in question in a particular language. The translation analysis is being done on the ground of contrastive study of formal means expressing grammatical universal Perfect concept in English and Ukrainian. The research gives an account of types of Present perfect context complexes describing their pragmatic features basing on Ukrainian fiction texts and their English translations. This case study shows that the contextual complex seems to be a more appropriate unit to serve as a base for contrasting languages.

The application of Rapid Appraisal of Agricultural Innovation Systems (RAAIS) to agricultural adaptation to climate change in Kazakhstan: a critical evaluation

Place-based social, cultural, institutional and political dynamics not only influence the innovation capacity of agricultural systems, but also the willingness of relevant actors to be involved in participatory research processes, and the dynamics of their participation. This paper critically discusses the modification and application of one particular participatory approach to agricultural systems analysis (Rapid Appraisal of Agricultural Innovation Systems [RAAIS]) to agricultural adaptation in Southeast Kazakhstan. We consider the overall effectiveness of the method as a research tool, practical issues in the implementation of workshops, definition of and selection of participant groups, as well as the questions of participation and empowerment within the workshops themselves. We find that although RAAIS is adaptable to alternative theoretical frameworks, its implementation in different socio-cultural and political contexts may require more consideration than is apparent in previous discussions. In particular, the appropriate training of workshop organisers is of crucial importance to the success of this methodology. These findings will be useful to those adapting participatory research methods to different research topics and contexts more broadly

Analysis of the Internal Environment of the Pharmaceutical Distributor Operation in Russia Using SWOT Analysis

BACKGROUND: The general directions of the organization’s development should be clearly formulated, i.e., a business strategy should be developed in order to achieve the long-term competitive advantages in the operation of a pharmaceutical distributor with its own pharmacy warehouse in Russia. AIM: Identification of strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the operation of a pharmaceutical distributor with its own pharmacy warehouse. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The SWOT analysis was used to analyze the environment, which enabled a joint study of the external and internal environment. During the study, content analysis of secondary sources of information was used (data from the Federal State Statistics Service, DSM Group marketing agency), as well as sociological analysis. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: During the SWOT analysis, ten factors were identified that ensured the normal functioning of the pharmaceutical distributor, as well as 11 negative factors were identified that negatively affected the operation of the pharmacy warehouse. The article presents qualitative description of the strengths and weaknesses. Ten factors were attributed to the favorable opportunities for the organization’s activities; seven positions were considered as threats to the activities of the distributor. It should be noted that all factors of external environment are in a state of strong mutual influence. A change in one of the factors necessarily leads to a change in other factors. Therefore, their study and analysis should not be carried out separately, but systematically, with tracking not only the actual changes in one factor but also the process how these changes will affect other factors. After identifying strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats, a table was compiled and all intersections were analyzed, i.e., all possible pairwise combinations that would help determining the future strategy. At present, the strategic goal of a number of wholesale companies in the pharmaceutical market is defined as increasing return on investment. CONCLUSION: In this article, SWOT analysis has been used to provide some suggestions on overcoming weaknesses and threats in the activities of a pharmaceutical distributor, as well as on proper use of strengths and opportunities. During the study, pharmaceutical industry practitioners discussed the impact of various economic factors, strengths, opportunities, weaknesses, and threats regarding the activities of pharmaceutical distributor, as well as related problems and prospects for the future

Impact of High-Temperature, High-Pressure Synthesis Conditions on the Formation of the Grain Structure and Strength Properties of Intermetallic Ni[3]Al

The impact of the preliminary load on 3Ni+Al powder mixture and the impact of the duration of the delay in application of compacting pressure to synthesis product under the conditions of continuous heating of the mixture up to its self-ignition on the grain size and strength properties of the synthesized Ni[3]Al intermetallide material have been studied. The grain structure of the intermetallide synthesized under pressure was studied by means of metallography, transmission electron microscopy and EBSD analysis, with the dependence of ultimate tensile strength on the grain size in the synthesized intermetallide having been investigated at room temperature and at temperatures up to 1000°С. It is shown that an increase in the pressure preliminarily applied to the initial mixture compact results in reduced grain size of the final intermetallide, whereas an increase in pre-compaction time makes the grain size increased. A decrease in the grain size increases the ultimate tensile strength of the intermetallide. The maximum value of the ultimate tensile strength in the observed anomalous temperature dependence of this strength exhibits a shift by 200°С toward higher temperatures, and the ultimate strength of the synthesized intermetallide at 1000°С increases roughly two-fold

Adaptive reactions of cardiovascular system of boys with different level of sexual maturity to physical exercise

Graduated physical exercise with the moderate power (50% of PWC170) induces marked change in such cardiovascular system indices as stroke volume and cardiac output, heart rate in boys with the age of 11-16 years. The nature of reactions of the boys' cardiovascular systems rapid adaptation to physical exercise during adolescence period of ontogenesis depends on the level of their sexual maturity. The boys with the 1st and the 2nd grades of sexual maturity demonstrate the reactions to exercise with the highest growth of heart rate, while the highest growth of cardiac output is typical for the boys with the 3-5th grades of sexual maturity. It was revealed that for the boys with the 3-4th sexual maturity stages the reactions to physical activity were expressed in the maximum values of stroke volume and cardiac output and the recovery period for the investigated parameters was rather extended. At this stage of the boys' development the recovery of cardiac output to the level at rest has a non-linear nature, there can be observed a "negative phase" in the heart rate recovery which can be considered as a symptom of excessive response, unfavorable cardiovascular system reaction to physical exercise

Sympathoadrenal system activity of various puberty stages boys

© Medwell Journals, 2016.The catecholamin egestion dynamics analysis and DOFA for teenagers of different sexual maturity level and hormonal and media link becoming of the Sympathoadrenal System (SAS) in the course of boys puberty is carried out. Researches showed that SAS activity for teenagers in the course of puberty changes undulantly. The intensive increase of adrenaline egestion is revealed for boys of 3 puberty stages, the maximal increase of noradrenaline is noted for boys of 4th Puberty Stage (PS) then intensively decreases on 5th PS. Increase in dopamine and DOFA egestion reflect increase of reserve abilities of SAS on 5th puberty stage. Formation of SAS hormonal link for teenage boys happens earlier than that of the medial link: increase of SAS hormonal link activity is noted for boys on 1 -2 PS and decreases on 3-4 PS where activity of SAS medial link is higher. On 5th PS the relative stability of all studied parameters which size during this period comes nearer to definitive level reflecting the relative SAS maturity for boys and particular degree of SAS formation processes completeness within the studied age range takes place

NPY<inf>1</inf> Receptors Participate in the Regulation of Myocardial Contractility in Rats

© 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York.Selective agonist (Leu(31)Pro(34)NPY) and blocker (BIBP-3226) of NPY1 receptors were used to determine the type of NPY receptors involved in myocardial contraction. Experiments with isometric contraction of myocardial strips from mature rats showed that the agonist produced the most potent effect in a concentration of 10—7 M. In this concentration, Leu(31)Pro(34)NPY showed the greatest positive inotropic effect on the contraction of the atria and ventricles. In contrast, selective blocker BIBP-3226 reduced the force of myocardial contractions. Pretreatment of myocardial strips with this blocker abolished the positive inotropic effect of Leu(31)Pro(34)NPY, which attested to important role of NPY1 receptors in myocardial contraction

EEG revealed improved vigilance regulation after stress exposure under Nx4: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over trial

ObjectivesVigilance is characterized by alertness and sustained attention. The hyper-vigilance states are indicators of stress experience in the resting brain. Neurexan (Nx4) has been shown to modulate the neuroendocrine stress response. Here, we hypothesized that the intake of Nx4 would alter brain vigilance states at rest.MethodIn this post-hoc analysis of the NEURIM study, EEG recordings of three, 12 min resting-state conditions in 39 healthy male volunteers were examined in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over clinical trial. EEG was recorded at three resting-state sessions: at baseline (RS0), after single-dose treatment with Nx4 or placebo (RS1), and subsequently after a psychosocial stress task (RS2). During each resting-state session, each 2-s segment of the consecutive EEG epochs was classified into one of seven different brain states along a wake-sleep continuum using the VIGALL 2.1 algorithm.ResultsIn the post-stress resting-state, subjects exhibited a hyper-stable vigilance regulation characterized by an increase in the mean vigilance level and by more rigidity in the higher vigilance states for a longer period of time. Importantly, Nx4-treated participants exhibited significantly lower mean vigilance level compared to placebo-treated ones. Also, Nx4- compared to placebo-treated participants spent comparably less time in higher vigilance states and more time in lower vigilance states in the post-stress resting-state.ConclusionStudy participants showed a significantly lower mean vigilance level in the post-stress resting-state condition and tended to stay longer in lower vigilance states after treatment with Nx4. These findings support the known stress attenuation effect of Nx4

HERBARIUM SPECIMENS OF WILD CHILEAN POTATO SPECIES BELONGING TO THE SECTION <i> PETOTA </i> DUMORT. GENUS <i> SOLANUM </i> L. IN THE VIR HERBARIUM

A revision of herbarium specimens of Chilean potato species belonging to the section Petota Dumort. genus Solanum L. was conducted. The VIR herbarium [WIR] has 25 specimen sheets of five species: Solanum leptostigma Juz., S. maglia Schlechtd., S. molinae Juz., S. ochoanum Lechn., S. zykinii Lechn. Authentic materials from S.V. Yuzepczuk and V.S. Lehnovich have been identified, namely syntypes of S. molinae , S. ochoanum and S. zykinii. The neotypification of S. leptostigma was done