Morphologic study of diaphyseal nutrient foramina in dried fibulae and its clinical implications

Background: Fibula is an important site for muscle attachment. It is used as a vascularised graft for conditions such as stabilization of lost mandible, spine and even the tibia. The knowledge of morphological and topographic distribution of nutrient foramina of fibula is important to avoid damage to the nutrient arteries during surgical procedures.Methods: The study was conducted on 50 adult dried fibulae. Diaphyseal nutrient foramina were identified by their elevated margins and by the presence of a distinct groove proximal to them. Foramen index was calculated.Results: 90% fibulae showed single nutrient foramen, in 8% of fibulae nutrient foramen was absent and 2% fibulae presented with double nutrient foramina. 95.74% nutrient foramina were directed away from growing end, while 4.54% nutrient foramina were directed towards the growing end. 82.7% nutrient foramina were observed in the middle zone. All the foramina were present on the posterior surface. 48.93% of the foramina were present on the medial crest, 38.29% were present between the medial crest and posterior border. The mean foramen index of all the fibulae studied was 43.73.   Conclusions: The knowledge of nutrient foramina is essential to preserve the vascularity of bone. This study aids the clinician in fracture reductions and bone grafting.

Seasonal Distribution of Diarrhea among Children aged 1-5 Years in Slums of Southern India: A Cross-Sectional Door to Door Survey

INTRODUCTION: Diarrhea, a water borne disease is very prevalent in children under 5 years of age and lead to serious consequences among them if not treated on time. AIM: To assess the Seasonal Distribution of diarrhea among children aged 1-5 years in slums of southern IndiaMATERIALS AND METHOD: The study was a planned door to door survey via a standard, pre-validated and pre-tested questionnaire among the slums the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Data was collected from the mothers/caretakers of children aged 1-5 years regarding Diarrheal episodes in the past one year. Data was analysed using SPSS version 22.0 and by applying the independent samples t-test as well as the multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 2684 children were reported having diarrhea, out of which there were slightly more females (52.1%) as compared to males (47.9%). 55.1% of children were treated at home, while 34.2% needed consultation and 10.7% required hospitalization. Most cases were reported in the monsoon season (39.3%), followed by summer (30.6%), winter(22.5%) and autumn (7.6%). The independent samples t-test (p=0.03) as well as the multivariate logistic regression (p=0.01) showed significant results while comparing the occurrence of diarrhea in monsoon seasons in comparison to other seasons.CONCLUSION: Further studies are advised among slum dwellers so that proper and tailor made programs can be directed in reducing the effect of diarrhea in children residing in slums in southern India

Growth, Laser Raman, Thermal, Edax and Photoluminescence Studies of Pure and Calcium Doped Zinc Hydrogen Phosphate Crystals Using Single Diffusion Technique

Growth aspects of pure and Calcium doped Zinc hydrogen phosphate single crystals from silica gel by the process of single diffusion technique are discussed. Crystals with different morphologies and effect on various parameters like gel pH, and gel ageing, gel density and concentration of reactants on the growth of pure and Calcium doped ZnHPO4 crystals were studied. Laser Raman spectra of the pure and Calcium doped ZnHPO4 crystals are recorded and the vibrational assignments have been made with possible explanations. Thermo gravimetrical analysis is undertaken to study the thermal stability of the grown crystals. The photoluminescence measurement shows that the material is suitable for photonic devices. The crystals grown were characterized by Laser Raman spectrum, TG/DTA, EDAX and Photoluminescence

Copper Brace Method: A New Technique for Reconstructing Broken Bone Fragments

Human skulls and other bones recovered in forensic anthropological contexts may be found broken into multiple pieces, requiring reconstruction. This article prescribes a new method, termed copper-brace met hod, that simultaneously enables retaining the matching pieces of bones and readjusting them during the process of reconstruct ion, ensuring an acceptable likeness in the spatial and contour configuration of the final reconstruction

Spiral Magnets as Gapless Mott Insulators

In the large $U$ limit, the ground state of the half-filled, nearest-neighbor Hubbard model on the triangular lattice is the three-sublattice antiferromagnet. In sharp contrast with the square-lattice case, where transverse spin-waves and charge excitations remain decoupled to all orders in $t/U$, it is shown that beyond leading order in $t/U$ the three Goldstone modes on the triangular lattice are a linear combination of spin and charge. This leads to non-vanishing conductivity at any finite frequency, even though the magnet remains insulating at zero frequency. More generally, non-collinear spin order should lead to such gapless insulating behavior.Comment: 10 pages, REVTEX 3.0, 3 uuencoded postscript figures, CRPS-94-0

Effect of water and air flow on concentric tubular solar water desalting system.

This work reports an innovative design of tubular solar still with a rectangular basin for water desalination with flowing water and air over the cover. The daily distillate output of the system is increased by lowering the temperature of water flowing over it (top cover cooling arrangement). The fresh water production performance of this new still is observed in Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore (11° North, 77° East), India. The water production rate with no cooling flow was 2050ml/day (410ml/trough). However, with cooling air flow, production increased to 3050ml/day, and with cooling water flow, it further increased to 5000ml/day. Despite the increased cost of the water cooling system, the increased output resulted in the cost of distilled water being cut in roughly half. Diurnal variations of a few important parameters are observed during field experiments such as water temperature, cover temperature, air temperature, ambient temperature and distillate output

First-principles calculations of step formation energies and step interactions on TiN(001)

We study the formation energies and repulsive interactions of monatomic steps on the TiN(001) surface, using density functional total-energy calculations. The calculated formation energy of [100] oriented steps agree well with recently reported experimental values; these steps are shown to have a rumpled structure, with the Ti atoms undergoing larger displacements than the N atoms. For steps that are parallel to [110], our calculations predict a nitrogen (N) termination, as the corresponding formation energy is several hundred meV/\AA \ smaller than that of Ti-terminated steps

Spin Wave Instability of Itinerant Ferromagnet

We show variationally that instability of the ferromagnetic state in the Hubbard model is largely controlled by softening of a long-wavelength spin-wave excitation, except in the over-doped strong-coupling region where the individual-particle excitation becomes unstable first. A similar conclusion is drawn also for the double exchange ferromagnet. Generally the spin-wave instability may be regarded as a precursor of the metal-insulator transition.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figure