Raskauden jälkeisen masennuksen lyhyt- ja pitkäaikaiset vaikutukset lapsen kielen kehitykseen

Tiivistelmä. Tämän kandidaatintutkielman tarkoituksena oli selvittää, miten vanhemman sairastama raskauden jälkeinen masennus vaikuttaa lapsen kielen kehitykseen lyhyellä ja pitkällä aikavälillä. Kandidaatintutkielma toteutettiin kirjallisuuskatsauksena. Tulososiossa käytettiin kahdeksaa vertaisarvioitua tutkimusartikkelia, jotka on julkaistu tieteellisissä aikakauslehdissä vuosien 2017–2020 aikana. Tutkimuksista neljä käsittelivät lyhyen aikavälin vaikutuksia syntymästä kolmanteen ikävuoteen ja neljä pitkäaikaisia vaikutuksia viiden vuoden iästä aina aikuisuuteen saakka. Tulokset osoittivat, että vanhemman sairastaman masennuksen intensiivisyys, ajoitus ja pitkäaikaisuus voivat vaikuttaa lapsen kielen kehitykseen sekä lyhyellä että pitkällä aikavälillä. Lapsen ymmärtävän että tuottavan sanavaraston kasvu voi kärsiä vanhemman sairastaman masennuksen vaikutuksesta, mutta ei aina. Pitkäaikaisia vaikutuksia tarkasteltaessa masennuksen kroonisuuden merkitys korostui ja yksittäisen raskauden jälkeisen masennusjakson vaikutukset näyttivät jäävän heikoiksi. Tutkimuksen aikana nousi esille masennuksen selkeä vaikutus lapsen sosio-emotionaaliseen kehitykseen, mikä puolestaan voi välillisesti johtaa lapsen kielen kehityksen haasteisiin. Eroteltaessa isän ja äidin sairastaman raskauden jälkeisen masennuksen vaikutuksia lapsen kehitykseen huomattiin, että siinä missä isien sairastama masennusjakso heijastui suuremmin lapsen kielelliseen kehitykseen, äidin masennus vaikutti enemmän lapsen sosio-emotionaaliseen kehitykseen. Tutkimustulosten ristiriitaisuus osoittaa niin lapsen kielen kehitykseen vaikuttavien tekijöiden kuin raskauden jälkeisen masennuksen monimutkaisuuden. Sekä vanhempien että lasten yksilölliset erot voivat toimia joko altistavina tai suojaavina tekijöinä. Lisäksi lähiympäristön ja yhteiskunnan tasolla tapahtuva toiminta vaikuttavat nekin omalta osaltaan masennuksen aiheuttamiin vaikutuksiin. Ristiriitaiset tulokset etenkin raskauden jälkeisen masennuksen pitkäaikaisista vaikutuksista osoittavat, että aihetta olisi syytä tutkia lisää

Pregnancy incidence and outcome before and after cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a retrospective cohort study

We performed a retrospective cohort study of 3530 women treated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland, to investigate whether CIN treatment itself affects pregnancy incidence and outcome. We estimated the incidence of live births, miscarriages, extrauterine pregnancies, molar pregnancies, and termination of pregnancies (TOPs) before and after CIN treatment using nationwide registers. Women were followed up until death, emigration, sterilization, or the end of 2004. The comparison of incidence of pregnancy outcomes before and after the treatment was estimated by calculating hazard ratios (HRs) with conditional Poisson regression. After 76,162 woman-years of follow-up, the incidence of any pregnancy remained constant over CIN-treatment, HR 1.02 and 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97-1.08, but the incidence of the first pregnancy was significantly elevated after treatment, HR 1.13, and 95% CI 1.03-1.23. The incidence of live births was significantly elevated after treatment, HR 1.08 and 95% CI 1.01-1.15. Incidence of miscarriages, TOPs, extrauterine pregnancies, and molar pregnancies was not elevated. TOPs was significantly increased in the first pregnancy, HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.15-1.72 and after treatment by the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), HR 1.36, 95% CI 1.15-1.60. CIN treatment did not reduce pregnancy incidence and women had more live births after than before CIN treatment. TOPs was more common in the first pregnancy or after treatment by LEEP. We encourage research on the psychosocial consequences of CIN treatment also in other countries and settings

Stromal Fibroblasts in Digestive Cancer

The normal gastrointestinal stroma consists of extra-cellular matrix and a community of stromal cells including fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, pericytes, endothelium and inflammatory cells. α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) positive stromal fibroblasts, often referred to as myofibroblasts or activated fibroblasts, are critical in the development of digestive cancer and help to create an environment that is permissive of tumor growth, angiogenesis and invasion. This review focusses on the contribution of activated fibroblasts in carcinogenesis and where possible directly applies this to, and draws on examples from, gastrointestinal cancer. In particular, the review expands on the definition, types and origins of activated fibroblasts. It examines the molecular biology of stromal fibroblasts and their contribution to the peritumoral microenvironment and concludes by exploring some of the potential clinical applications of this exciting branch of cancer research. Understanding the origin and biology of activated fibroblasts will help in the development of an integrated epithelial-stromal sequence to cancer that will ultimately inform cancer pathogenesis, natural history and future therapeutics

A Synthesis of Tagging Studies Examining the Behaviour and Survival of Anadromous Salmonids in Marine Environments

This paper synthesizes tagging studies to highlight the current state of knowledge concerning the behaviour and survival of anadromous salmonids in the marine environment. Scientific literature was reviewed to quantify the number and type of studies that have investigated behaviour and survival of anadromous forms of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta), steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss), and cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii). We examined three categories of tags including electronic (e.g. acoustic, radio, archival), passive (e.g. external marks, Carlin, coded wire, passive integrated transponder [PIT]), and biological (e.g. otolith, genetic, scale, parasites). Based on 207 papers, survival rates and behaviour in marine environments were found to be extremely variable spatially and temporally, with some of the most influential factors being temperature, population, physiological state, and fish size. Salmonids at all life stages were consistently found to swim at an average speed of approximately one body length per second, which likely corresponds with the speed at which transport costs are minimal. We found that there is relatively little research conducted on open-ocean migrating salmonids, and some species (e.g. masu [O. masou] and amago [O. rhodurus]) are underrepresented in the literature. The most common forms of tagging used across life stages were various forms of external tags, coded wire tags, and acoustic tags, however, the majority of studies did not measure tagging/handling effects on the fish, tag loss/failure, or tag detection probabilities when estimating survival. Through the interdisciplinary application of existing and novel technologies, future research examining the behaviour and survival of anadromous salmonids could incorporate important drivers such as oceanography, tagging/handling effects, predation, and physiology

Rapid removal of lead and cadmium from water by specific lactic acid bacteria

Abstract Cadmium and lead are highly toxic metals. People are exposed to them primarily through food and water. Available conventional methods (precipitation, flocculation, ion exchange, and membrane filtration) for removal of these metals from water at low concentrations are claimed to be expensive and inefficient. Different microbes have been proposed to be an efficient and economical alternative in heavy metal removal from water. In this work, specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were assessed for their ability to remove cadmium and lead from water. Significant removal was observed, and it was found to be metal and bacterial strain specific. Removal was a fast, metabolism-independent surface process. It was also strongly influenced by pH, indicating that ion exchange mechanisms could be involved. The most effective metal removers were Bifidobacterium longum 46, Lactobacillus fermentum ME3 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12. The highest maximum cadmium and lead removal capacities of 54.7 mg metal/g and 175.7 mg/g dry biomass, respectively, were obtained with B. longum 46

Combining strains of lactic acid bacteria may reduce their toxin and heavy metal removal efficiency from aqueous solution

Aims: The primary objective of this study was to compare the removal of cadmium, lead, aflatoxin B1 and microcystin-LR from aqueous solution by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus LC705, Propionibacterium freudenreichii shermanii JS and Bifidobacterium breve Bbi99/E8, separately and in combination. Methods and Results: The removal of toxins and heavy metals was assessed in batch experiments. The removal of all compounds was observed to be strain specific. The removal of lead by a combination of all the strains used was observed to be lower than could be predicted from the removal by single strains (P < 0.05). A similar trend was also observed with the other compounds studied. Conclusions: The results show that the toxin-removal capacity of a combination of strains of lactic acid bacteria is not the sum of their individual capacities. Therefore, pure single strains should be used when the goal is to remove single compounds. The use of combinations of strains may be beneficial when several compounds are removed together. This needs to be studied in future experiments. Significance and Impact of the Study: Lactic acid bacteria have been identified as potent tools for the decontamination of heavy metals, cyanotoxins and mycotoxins. The results of this study should be considered when selecting combinations of bacteria for the simultaneous removal of several toxic compounds. © 2007 The Authors.link_to_subscribed_fulltex