2,454 research outputs found
K-8 Pre-service Teachers’ Algebraic Thinking: Exploring the Habit of Mind Building Rules to Represent Functions
In this study, through the lens of the algebraic habit of mind Building Rules to Represent Functions, we examined 18 pre-service middle school teachers\u27 ability to use algebraic thinking to solve problems. The data revealed that pre-service teachers\u27 ability to use different features of the habit of mind Building Rules to Represent Functions varied across the features. Significant correlations existed between 8 pairs of the features. The ability to justify a rule was the weakest of the seven features and it was correlated with the ability to chunk information. Implications for mathematics teacher education are discussed
Exploring the Relationship between K-8 Prospective Teachers’ Algebraic Thinking Proficiency and the Questions They Pose during Diagnostic Algebraic Thinking Interviews
In this study, we explored the relationship between prospective teachers’ algebraic thinking and the questions they posed during one-on-one diagnostic interviews that focused on investigating the algebraic thinking of middle school students. To do so, we evaluated prospective teachers’ algebraic thinking proficiency across 125 algebra-based tasks and we analyzed the characteristics of questions they posed during the interviews. We found that prospective teachers with lower algebraic thinking proficiency did not ask any probing questions. Instead, they either posed questions that simply accepted and affirmed student responses or posed questions that guided the students toward an answer without probing student thinking. In contrast, prospective teachers with higher algebraic thinking proficiency were able to pose probing questions to investigate student thinking or help students clarify their thinking. However, less than half of their questions were of this probing type. These results suggest that prospective teachers’ algebraic thinking proficiency is related to the types of questions they ask to explore the algebraic thinking of students. Implications for mathematics teacher education are discussed
Interpretation of runaway electron synchrotron and bremsstrahlung images
The crescent spot shape observed in DIII-D runaway electron synchrotron
radiation images is shown to result from the high degree of anisotropy in the
emitted radiation, the finite spectral range of the camera and the distribution
of runaways. The finite spectral camera range is found to be particularly
important, as the radiation from the high-field side can be stronger by a
factor than the radiation from the low-field side in DIII-D. By
combining a kinetic model of the runaway dynamics with a synthetic synchrotron
diagnostic we see that physical processes not described by the kinetic model
(such as radial transport) are likely to be limiting the energy of the
runaways. We show that a population of runaways with lower dominant energies
and larger pitch-angles than those predicted by the kinetic model provide a
better match to the synchrotron measurements. Using a new synthetic
bremsstrahlung diagnostic we also simulate the view of the Gamma Ray Imager
(GRI) diagnostic used at DIII-D to resolve the spatial distribution of
runaway-generated bremsstrahlung.Comment: 21 pages, 11 figure
Time-delay and Doppler tests of the Lorentz symmetry of gravity
Modifications to the classic time-delay effect and Doppler shift in General
Relativity (GR) are studied in the context of the Lorentz-violating
Standard-Model Extension (SME). We derive the leading Lorentz-violating
corrections to the time-delay and Doppler shift signals, for a light ray
passing near a massive body. It is demonstrated that anisotropic coefficients
for Lorentz violation control a time-dependent behavior of these signals that
is qualitatively different from the conventional case in GR. Estimates of
sensitivities to gravity-sector coefficients in the SME are given for current
and future experiments, including the recent Cassini solar conjunction
experiment.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, references added, matches PRD versio
Independent analysis of the orbits of Pioneer 10 and 11
Independently developed orbit determination software is used to analyze the
orbits of Pioneer 10 and 11 using Doppler data. The analysis takes into account
the gravitational fields of the Sun and planets using the latest JPL
ephemerides, accurate station locations, signal propagation delays (e.g., the
Shapiro delay, atmospheric effects), the spacecrafts' spin, and maneuvers. New
to this analysis is the ability to utilize telemetry data for spin, maneuvers,
and other on-board systematic effects. Using data that was analyzed in prior
JPL studies, the anomalous acceleration of the two spacecraft is confirmed. We
are also able to put limits on any secondary acceleration (i.e., jerk) terms.
The tools that were developed will be used in the upcoming analysis of recently
recovered Pioneer 10 and 11 Doppler data files.Comment: 22 pages, 5 figures; accepted for publication in IJMP
Nurses\u27 Alumnae Association Bulletin, April 1961
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Assessing rotation-invariant feature classification for automated wildebeest population counts
Accurate and on-demand animal population counts are the holy grail for wildlife conservation organizations throughout the world because they enable fast and responsive adaptive management policies. While the collection of image data from camera traps, satellites, and manned or unmanned aircraft has advanced significantly, the detection and identification of animals within images remains a major bottleneck since counting is primarily conducted by dedicated enumerators or citizen scientists. Recent developments in the field of computer vision suggest a potential resolution to this issue through the use of rotation-invariant object descriptors combined with machine learning algorithms. Here we implement an algorithm to detect and count wildebeest from aerial images collected in the Serengeti National Park in 2009 as part of the biennial wildebeest count. We find that the per image error rates are greater than, but comparable to, two separate human counts. For the total count, the algorithm is more accurate than both manual counts, suggesting that human counters have a tendency to systematically over or under count images. While the accuracy of the algorithm is not yet at an acceptable level for fully automatic counts, our results show this method is a promising avenue for further research and we highlight specific areas where future research should focus in order to develop fast and accurate enumeration of aerial count data. If combined with a bespoke image collection protocol, this approach may yield a fully automated wildebeest count in the near future
The effect of the motion of the Sun on the light-time in interplanetary relativistic experiments
In 2002 a measurement of the effect of solar gravity upon the phase of
coherent microwave beams passing near the Sun has been carried out with the
Cassini mission, allowing a very accurate measurement of the PPN parameter
. The data have been analyzed with NASA's Orbit Determination Program
(ODP) in the Barycentric Celestial Reference System, in which the Sun moves
around the centre of mass of the solar system with a velocity of
about 10 m/sec; the question arises, what correction this implies for the
predicted phase shift. After a review of the way the ODP works, we set the
problem in the framework of Lorentz (and Galilean) transformations and evaluate
the correction; it is several orders of magnitude below our experimental
accuracy. We also discuss a recent paper \cite{kopeikin07}, which claims wrong
and much larger corrections, and clarify the reasons for the discrepancy.Comment: Final version accepted by Classical and Quantum Gravity (8 Jan. 2008
Nurses\u27 Alumnae Association Bulletin, May 1960
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