Effects of Passive and active Rest on Physiological Responses and Time Motion Characteristics in Different Small Sided Soccer Games

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resting regimes on physiological responses and time motion characteristics between bouts during small sided games (SSGs) in young soccer players. Sixteen players (average age 16.87 ± 0.34 years; body height 176.69 ± 3.21 cm; body mass 62.40 ± 2.59 kg; training experience 3.75 ± 0.44 years) performed four bouts 2-a-side, 3-a-side and 4-a-side games with three minutes active (SSGar: Running at 70% of HRmax) and passive (SSGpr) rest between bouts at two-day intervals. The heart rate (HR) along with total distance covered in different speed zones - walking (W, 0-6.9 km·h-1), low-intensity running (LIR, 7.0-12.9 km·h-1), moderate-intensity running (MIR, 13.0-17.9 km·h-1) and high-intensity running (HIR, >18km·h-1), were monitored during all SSGs, whereas the rating of perceived exertion (RPE, CR-20) and venous blood lactate (La-) were determined at the end of the last bout of each SSG. The results demonstrated that all SSGpr elicited significantly higher physiological responses compared to SSGar in terms of the RPE and La- (p < 0.05). In addition, 2-a-side SSGpr induced significantly lower %HRmax responses and total distance covered than 2-a-side SSGar (p < 0.05). Moreover, the distance covered at HIR was significantly higher in 4-a-side SSGar than 4-side SSGpr. The results of this study indicate that both SSGs with passive and active rest can be used for soccer specific aerobic endurance training. Furthermore, all SSGs with active recovery should be performed in order to increase players and teams' performance capacity for subsequent bouts. © 2017 Editorial Committee of Journal of Human Kinetics 2017

Distal radius fractures in children: substantial difference in stability between buckle and greenstick fractures

Background and purpose Numerous follow-up visits for wrist fractures in children are performed without therapeutic consequences. We investigated the degree to which the follow-up visits reveal complications and lead to change in management. The stability of greenstick and buckle fractures of the distal radius was assessed by comparing the lateral angulation radiographically

Diffusion in Model Networks as Studied by NMR and Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy

We have studied the diffusion of small solvent molecules (octane) and larger hydrophobic dye probes in octane-swollen poly(dimethyl siloxane) linear-chain solutions and end-linked model networks, using pulsed-gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), respectively, focusing on diffusion in the bulk polymer up to the equilibrium degree of swelling of the networks, that is, 4.8 at most. The combination of these results allows for new conclusions on the feasibility of different theories describing probe diffusion in concentrated polymer systems. While octane diffusion shows no cross-link dependence, the larger dyes are increasingly restricted by fixed chemical meshes. The simple Fujita free-volume theory proved most feasible to describe probe diffusion in linear long-chain solutions with realistic parameters, while better fits were obtained assuming a stretched exponential dependence on concentration. Importantly, we have analyzed the cross-link specific effect on probe diffusion independently of any specific model by comparing the best-fit interpolation of the solution data with the diffusion in the networks. The most reasonable description is obtained by assuming that the cross-link effect is additive in the effective friction coefficient of the probes. The concentration dependences as well as the data compared at the equilibrium degrees of swelling indicate that swelling heterogeneities and diffusant shape have a substantial influence on small-molecule diffusion in networks.

Edible bio-based nanostructures: delivery, absorption and potential toxicity

The development of bio-based nanostructures as nanocarriers of bioactive compounds to specific body sites has been presented as a hot topic in food, pharmaceutical and nanotechnology fields. Food and pharmaceutical industries seek to explore the huge potential of these nanostructures, once they can be entirely composed of biocompatible and non-toxic materials. At the same time, they allow the incorporation of lipophilic and hydrophilic bioactive compounds protecting them against degradation, maintaining its active and functional performance. Nevertheless, the physicochemical properties of such structures (e.g., size and charge) could change significantly their behavior in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The main challenges in the development of these nanostructures are the proper characterization and understanding of the processes occurring at their surface, when in contact with living systems. This is crucial to understand their delivery and absorption behavior as well as to recognize potential toxicological effects. This review will provide an insight into the recent innovations and challenges in the field of delivery via GI tract using bio-based nanostructures. Also, an overview of the approaches followed to ensure an effective deliver (e.g., avoiding physiological barriers) and to enhance stability and absorptive intestinal uptake of bioactive compounds will be provided. Information about nanostructures potential toxicity and a concise description of the in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies will also be given.Joana T. Martins, Oscar L. Ramos, Ana C. Pinheiro, Ana I. Bourbon, Helder D. Silva and Miguel A. Cerqueira (SFRH/BPD/89992/2012, SFRH/BPD/80766/2011, SFRH/BPD/101181/2014, SFRH/BD/73178/2010, SFRH/BD/81288/2011, and SFRH/BPD/72753/2010, respectively) are the recipients of a fellowship from the Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (FCT, POPH-QREN and FSE, Portugal). The authors thank the FCT Strategic Project PEst-OE/EQB/LA0023/2013 and the project "BioInd-Biotechnology and Bioengineering for improved Industrial and Agro-Food processes," REF.NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000028, co-funded by the Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (ON.2-O Novo Norte), QREN, FEDER. We also thank to the European Commission: BIOCAPS (316265, FP7/REGPOT-2012-2013.1) and Xunta de Galicia: Agrupamento INBIOMED (2012/273) and Grupo con potencial de crecimiento. The support of EU Cost Action FA1001 is gratefully acknowledged

Workability test method for metals applied to examine a workability measure (plastic limit) for clays

The Kure clay (KC) and the Deresakari clay (DC), taken from the Sogut region (Bilecik, Turkey), were examined by chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal analysis techniques. It was determined that the KC and DC, whose basic clay mineral was kaolinite, contained 37% and 66% free quartz as mass percentage, respectively. The compression and upset tests applied to metals were applied to KC and DC. The KC and DC green bodies were passed through an extruder, and cylindrical clay green bodies having different moisture contents were obtained and used in the experiments. The yield stresses (sigma (0.2)) were determined from the compression tests. Plastic tensile strain limit values (epsilon (theta)*) were determined from the upset tests. The product of the two characteristic values, sigma (epsilon)(*)(0,2)(theta)(,) was defined as the workability. The variation of the sigma (0.2), epsilon (0)* and sigma (0.2)epsilon (theta)* values as a function of the moisture content of the green bodies was discussed for KC and DC. From the maxima of the sigma (0.2) curves, the optimum moisture percentages were determined as 22.0 and 26.5 for the KC and DC, respectively. These results and the results obtained from the Atterberg and Pfefferkorn tests were discussed comparatively

The effect of Al3+ concentration on the properties of alumina powders obtained by reaction between aluminium sulphate and urea in boiling aqueous solution

WOS: 000176491500001Homogeneous precipitation of alumina precursors was carried out in boiling aqueous solutions that contained excess urea and 0.010 0.200 M Al3+. The obtained precursor precipitates were dried for 2 h at 100 C to yield precursor powders and the precursor powders were calcined for 2 h at 1000 degreesC to yield alumina powders. Precursor powders and alumina powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (EM), particle size distribution (PSD) analysis and nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques for characterisation. Inspection of the XRD data showed that the precursor powders were amorphous in nature and the final product was delta-Al2O3, Investigation of the EM and PSD data of the powders showed that they contained unequally sized spheres and agglomerates. It was determined that, as the Al3+ concentration in the boiling aqueous solution increased, the number of 0.3-1.0 mum sized independent particles decreased and the sizes of agglomerates grew between 1.00 100 mum while their volume percentages increased from 50 to 80%. It was also observed that the specific surface areas of the alumina powders decreased from 98 m(2) g(-1) to 54 m(2) g(-1) and their specific micropore-mesopore volumes decreased from 0.31 cm(3) g(-1) to 0.14 cm(3) g(-1) as the Al3+ concentration in the boiling aqueous solution increased. It was observed that it was possible to prepare alumina powders that have different particle size distributions and different porosities by changing the Al3+ concentration while keeping the [urea]/[Al3+] ratio constant at a value of 5.4 in the boiling aqueous solution. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved