Protective Properties in Hymenaea martiana Hayne against Multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Antibiotic resistance represents a widespread problem in milk production. The identification of compounds for a topically applied ointment used in mastitis therapy remains elusive. Compounds from the genus Hymenaea can be administered in cases of multi-drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection for ruminant species, but the protective properties are not well known. Wi this research the aim is verify the protective effects of H. martiana against S. aureus infection in bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) and to obtain an antioxidant profile evaluation in vitro. The MAC-T cells were challenged with S. aureus after being exposed to the extract of the H. martiana in the protective assay. For the verification of the viability of the MAC-T cells, the MTT assay was performed, and was used dilutions of the plant extract, starting at 2.5%. The extract of H. martiana was evaluated for antioxidant aspect in different dilutions by FRAP, ORAC and DPPH. A variety of flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, etc.) have been identified as the main components by using mass spectrometry, reinforcing our in vitro findings that flavonoids, especially quercetin, have a medicinal profile capable of killing mastitis-causing bacteria. An excellent antioxidant pattern was observed in the 2.5% solution; however, membrane integrity in MAC-T cells was compromised. Those findings suggest low dilutions of H. martiana extract has a desirable protective effect from S. aureus pathogenesis. Our in vitro studies can be gleaned upon for further in vivo studies

Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives as antioxidant food and its implications on management and prevention of Diabetes mellitus

Antioxidant rich foods have been widely used as defenders of the body against excessive oxidative damage and preventing different chronic diseases among them, the Diabetes. In the food industry, the synthetic antioxidants have been widely used to control lipid oxidation and the development of unpleasant flavors. However, the toxic and carcinogenic effects derived from the consumption of some synthetic antioxidants has led many researchers to investigate the use of natural antioxidants made from edible plants. Plant polyphenols are beneficial to human health, exerting various biological effects. Hydroxycinnamic acids are the main category of phenolic acids that can bring important benefits to human health. They are widely distributed in plants and most of their pharmacological properties are a result of their antioxidant action. Moreover, recent studies suggest that derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acid, have antidiabetic properties through several mechanism and without causing side effects. They could represent a new class of antidiabetic agents for the future. This review will address the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetes as well as discuss current knowledge of the biological effects of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives on the control and prevention of diabetes.Los alimentos ricos en antioxidantes han sido ampliamente utilizados como defensores del organismo contra el daño oxidativo excesivo y previniendo diferentes enfermedades crónicas entre ellas, la Diabetes. En la industria alimentaria, los antioxidantes sintéticos han sido ampliamente utilizados para controlar la oxidación de los lípidos y el desarrollo de sabores desagradables. Sin embargo, los efectos tóxicos y cancerígenos derivados del el consumo de algunos antioxidantes sintéticos ha llevado a muchos investigadores a investigar el uso de antioxidantes naturales elaborados de plantas comestibles. Los polifenoles vegetales son beneficiosos para la salud humana, ya que ejercen diversos efectos biológicos. Los ácidos hidroxicinámicos son la principal categoría de ácidos fenólicos que pueden aportar importantes beneficios a la salud humana. Están ampliamente distribuidos en plantas y la mayoría de sus propiedades farmacológicas se deben a su acción antioxidante. Además, estudios recientes sugieren que los derivados del ácido hidroxicinámico tienen propiedades antidiabéticas a través de varios mecanismos y sin causar efectos secundarios. efectos secundarios. Podrían representar una nueva clase de agentes antidiabéticos para el futuro. Esta revisión abordará el papel del estrés oxidativo oxidativo en la patogénesis de la diabetes, así como el conocimiento actual de los efectos biológicos de los derivados del ácido hidroxicinámico en el control y la prevención de la diabetes.Escuela de Medicina Veterinari

<b>Post-natal development of rats` offspring treated with the ethanol extract of Neem leaves (<i>Azadirachta indica</i> A. Juss) during pregnancy and lactation

Teratogenicity and developmental abnormalities in the offspring of female rats that ingested ethanol extract of Neem plants during pregnancy and lactation period were assessed. Twenty-four female Wistar rats were randomly distributed in control group and in three experimental groups and treated during the 4th, 5th, and 6th day of pregnancy. After birth, the lactating females received, by gavage, 65, 135 and 200 mg kg-1 of Neem ethanol extract, during 15 days. Results show, there was no significant difference in body mass index of neonatal rats in the 4 groups evaluated, whereas mean rate of offspring survival was 79.4%. Hair growth, incisor teeth eruption, ear detachment, eyelid opening, and spontaneous ambulation were similar for all groups. Likewise, physical development and development of motor activity, ambulation, and postural reflexes were similar for all groups. The administration of Neem ethanol extract did not cause any reproductive or systemic toxicity in animals. Results show that, Neem ethanol extract safe at doses 65, 135 and 200 mg kg-1 in pregnant or lactating rats

Isoflavone formononetin from red propolis acts as a fungicide against Candida sp

Abstract A bioassay-guided fractionation of two samples of Brazilian red propolis (from Igarassu, PE, Brazil, hereinafter propolis 1 and 2) was conducted in order to determine the components responsible for its antimicrobial activity, especially against Candida spp. Samples of both the crude powdered resin and the crude ethanolic extract of propolis from both locations inhibited the growth of all 12 tested Candida strains, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 256 µg/mL. The hexane, acetate and methanol fractions of propolis 1 also inhibited all strains with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 128 to 512 µg/mL for the six bacteria tested and from 32 to 1024 µg/mL for the yeasts. Similarly, hexane and acetate fractions of propolis sample 2 inhibited all microorganisms tested, with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 512 µg/mL for bacteria and 32 µg/mL for yeasts. The extracts were analyzed by HPLC and their phenolic profile allowed us to identify and quantitate one phenolic acid and seven flavonoids in the crude ethanolic extract. Formononetin and pinocembrin were the major constituents amongst the identified compounds. Formononetin was detected in all extracts and fractions tested, except for the methanolic fraction of sample 2. The isolated isoflavone formononetin inhibited the growth of all the microorganisms tested, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 200 µg/mL for the six bacteria strains tested and 25 µg/mL for the six yeasts. Formononetin also exhibited fungicidal activity against five of the six yeasts tested. Taken together our results demonstrate that the isoflavone formononetin is implicated in the reported antimicrobial activity of red propolis

PHYTOCHEMISTRY INVESTIGATION OF CASEARIA ARBOREA (RICH.) URB. (SALICACEAE) AND ANTIMICROBIAL ANALYSIS OF ITS DITERPENE

A phytochemical investigation from aerial parts of Casearia arborea (Rich.) Urb. (Salicaceae) led to isolation and identification of: sitosterol, 4-en-stigmast-3-one, 13-hydroxy-trans-ent-cleroda-3,14-diene,3-hydroxy-2-oxo-trans-ent-cleroda-3,14-diene (kolavelone), a mixture of 13-hydroxy-trans-ent-cleroda-3,14-diene and an ester ethyl hexadecanoate, kaempferol-3-O-a-L-arabinofuranoside and 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone (tricin). The compounds have been described for the first time in this species. Five trihydroxy-flavone-hexoside derivatives have been identified by LC-ESI-HR-MS. The antimicrobial activity of kolavelone was evaluated against strains of Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Shigella and Candida spores, and its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. The results showed the antimicrobial activity of kolavelone against several bacteria and Candida tropicalis indicating its potential use as antimicrobial agent