Alkaline battery separator characterization studies Quarterly report, 23 Mar. - 23 Jun. 1968

Cycling tests of alkaline battery separator membrane

Recognition of Group Rights as Requisite to Substantive Equality Goals

Courts, legislatures, and scholars are increasingly turning away from traditional Aristotelian thinking in favor of a substantive, pro-active approach to equality. Under the substantive approach, the identification and eradication of systematic discrimination replace an adherence to neutral principles. This Comment argues that while a substantive approach is the most effective way to bring about true equality, it will not succeed unless it centers on protecting group rights. State decision-makers and international human rights advocates must focus on group experiences in order to create societies where no one is favored based on immutable characteristics

Life as an Intern: Working at the Juvenile Public Defenders Office

When I was freshman at Westem I joined the Honors Program for the challenge. I wanted to do something that would help me get the most of out my college experience by pushing me to succeed beyond all my expectations. Today, I feel that I have met that goal through my final project. It has come to symbolize everything I have learned at Western, and everything I hope to become in my future. For my final project I was an investigative intern with the Whatcom County Public Defenders Office. I dedicated over 250 hours of work into reading cases, talking to attorneys, interviewing witnesses, filing for secretaries, and more. As you will read in this paper, it was a challenging experience that took a lot of hard work and dedication, but in the end, helped me I discover that I want to become a lawyer. It made my dreams a reality, and has been the most memorable experience of my college career

Sztuka okopowa: forma, przykłady, a także jej wykorzystanie w badaniach naukowych – kilka propozycji

Aim of the article was not only to define trench art but also give some examples of trench art connected with major conflicts of the XX century. Trench Art was defined by Nicholas J. Saunders as any object made by soldiers, prisoners of war and civilians, from war materiel or any other material, as long as object and maker are associated in time and space with armed conflict or its consequences. Highly decorated flower vases according to some scholars are typical for I world war Trench Art. It is worth to mention that in theory practice of producing items from empty shell was in theory illegal as shells were supposed to be reused and as a thing was a government property. Typical examples of I world war Trench art include: smoking equipment – cigarette lighters made from bullets or scrap metal, matchbox covers made from brass, writing equipment – letter-openers made from bullets and scrap metal, pens and pencils made from bullets and cartridges; artillery shell cases; personal adornment: finger rings, brooches, bracelets. Soldiers during II world war concentrated on making ashtrays. Next all aspects with memorizing trench art, making war souvenirs and selling such items was shown.Celem artykułu było zdefiniowanie sztuki okopowej jak również podanie szeregu przykładów sztuki okopowej odnoszącej się do najważniejszych konfliktów zbrojnych XX w. Sztuka okopowa została najtrafniej zdefiniowana przez Nicholasa J. Saundersa. Wedle niego są to wszystkie przedmioty wykonane przez żołnierzy, a także jeńców bądź cywilów, z materiałów używanych przez armie w terenie lub czasie związanym z konfliktem zbrojnym lub jego następstwami. Bogato zdobione wazony wedle części badaczy są typowe dla sztuki okopowej wytwarzanej w czasie I wojny światowej. Warto nadmienić, że w teorii tworzenie przedmiotów z pustych łusek artyleryjskich było nielegalne, albowiem łuski te miały być ponownie wykorzystane, stanowiły także własność rządową. Typowymi przykładami sztuki okopowej odnoszącej się do I wojny światowej są przedmioty związane z kulturą palenia tytoniu – zapalniczki wykonane z pocisków i pozostałości po pociskach, osłonki na pudełka zapałek; kulturą pisma – nożyki do otwierania korespondencji wykonane z pocisków, pierścieni wiodących czy części szrapneli; zdobione wazony wykonane z łusek, przedmioty osobiste, takie jak pierścionki, broszki czy bransoletki. Żołnierze w czasie II wojny światowej koncentrowali się na tworzeniu popielniczek. W dalszej kolejności ukazano aspekty związane z komemoracją przedmiotów sztuki okopowej, tworzeniem „pamiątek wojennych” i ich sprzedawaniem

Średniowieczne nadania odpustów dla Wieliczki

MEDIEVAL GRANTING OF INDULGENCES FOR WIELICZKA The aim of this article was to show the medieval indulgences granted to churches, guilds and the hospital functioning in the town of Wieliczka. To this end all the indulgences granted in the area of Małopolska (Lesser Poland) starting from the 13th century and until 1525 were charted. A comparative analysis of the entire source material collated revealed that Wieliczka was one of the few places on the map of medieval Małopolska which figured highest in terms of numbers of indulgences granted. The first indulgences given to Wieliczka date back to the 14th century. Among 92 granted for the whole of Małopolska, Wieliczka received some seven. In comparison Krakow received 34 at this time, Kazimierz 10, but the Cistercian Monastery in Mogiła, at the time a rapidly developing religious centre, only gained four. In the next century the processes begun in the 14th century intensified. For the whole of Małopolska at this time 327 indulgence documents were issued to 78 centres, of which 13 or 14 concerned Wieliczka. The fact that some of these mentions do not have a date of issue and can be ascribed to ordinaries of the diocese living in both the 14th and the 15th centuries means that it is difficult to state this number equivocally. It is important to emphasise particularly that the largest number of indulgences granted to the congregation residing in Wieliczka concerned the fraternity which functioned there. The first indulgence document for Wieliczka was also the fi rst document to award with an indulgence the faithful participating in brothers’ masses and supporting the fraternity financially. The Wieliczka fraternity received five indulgences in a space of just 23 years, which is testimony to their rich development as well as the fact that its members were making concerted efforts to receive further indulgences. The inhabitants of Wieliczka were able to gain the graces of an indulgence not only by participating in the brothers’ masses but also by supporting the paupers staying in the hospital which had been founded in the 14th century by King Casimir III the Great