Bulles spéculatives et transmission d’information sur le marché d’un bien stockable

Nous étudions l’évolution du prix d’équilibre pour un bien stockable à titre spéculatif. L’impact des différents paramètres structurels sur l’amplitude des bulles spéculatives est mis en évidence. De plus le paramètre auxiliaire lié à la présence d’anticipations rationnelles est interprété comme une mesure de la confiance accordée par les agents à leurs propres anticipations. Lorsque les agents sont différenciés, notamment par le niveau de l’information dont ils disposent, nous montrons que tous les spéculateurs atteignant un seuil d’information forment les mêmes anticipations. De la sorte, on peut caractériser les cas où le marché est efficient.We are interested in the evolution of the equilibrium price of a stockable commodity which can be demanded for speculative purposes. Using a model "à la Grossman", we determine all the possible price evolutions and we analyse the effect of the structural parameters on the growth of speculative bubbles. The model can be extended to the case of agents having diverse informations. It is shown that, if they have a minimal level of information, they form necessarily the same equilibrium price expectations. Then it is possible to characterize the cases where the market is efficient

The Cost of Empowerment: Multiple Sources of Women’s Debt in Rural India

Poor women borrow from multiple sources. This study examines whether the source of debt matters for women’s role in household financial decisions. Drawing on a household survey from rural Tamil Nadu, we categorise women’s loans along the lines of accessibility and formality into ‘planned loans’ and ‘instant loans’. We find that ‘instant loans’ support women’s bargaining power in various types of household financial decisions, whereas ‘planned loans’ have no impact. This surprising result is better understood when the nature of ‘instant loans’ is examined – these are frequently usurious, involve coercive enforcement methods and are considered socially debasing. Hence women who use them perform a convenient role for their households and in return gain some negotiating power

Bulles spéculatives et transmission d’information sur le marché d’un bien stockable

We are interested in the evolution of the equilibrium price of a stockable commodity which can be demanded for speculative purposes. Using a model "à la Grossman", we determine all the possible price evolutions and we analyse the effect of the structural parameters on the growth of speculative bubbles. The model can be extended to the case of agents having diverse informations. It is shown that, if they have a minimal level of information, they form necessarily the same equilibrium price expectations. Then it is possible to characterize the cases where the market is efficient. Nous étudions l’évolution du prix d’équilibre pour un bien stockable à titre spéculatif. L’impact des différents paramètres structurels sur l’amplitude des bulles spéculatives est mis en évidence. De plus le paramètre auxiliaire lié à la présence d’anticipations rationnelles est interprété comme une mesure de la confiance accordée par les agents à leurs propres anticipations. Lorsque les agents sont différenciés, notamment par le niveau de l’information dont ils disposent, nous montrons que tous les spéculateurs atteignant un seuil d’information forment les mêmes anticipations. De la sorte, on peut caractériser les cas où le marché est efficient.

The slow-releasing and mitochondria-targeted hydrogen sulfide (H2s) delivery molecule ap39 induces brain tolerance to ischemia

This is the final version. Available on open access from MDPI via the DOI in this recordIschemic stroke is the third leading cause of death in the world, which accounts for almost 12% of the total deaths worldwide. Despite decades of research, the available and effective pharmacotherapy is limited. Some evidence underlines the beneficial properties of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donors, such as NaSH, in an animal model of brain ischemia and in in vitro research; however, these data are ambiguous. This study was undertaken to verify the neuroprotective activity of AP39, a slow-releasing mitochondria-targeted H2S delivery molecule. We administered AP39 for 7 days prior to ischemia onset, and the potential to induce brain tolerance to ischemia was verified. To do this, we used the rat model of 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and used LC-MS/MS, RT-PCR, Luminex™ assays, Western blot and immunofluorescent double-staining to determine the absolute H2S levels, inflammatory markers, neurotrophic factor signaling pathways and apoptosis marker in the ipsilateral frontal cortex, hippocampus and in the dorsal striatum 24 h after ischemia onset. AP39 (50 nmol/kg) reduced the infarct volume, neurological deficit and reduced the microglia marker (Iba1) expression. AP39 also exerted prominent anti-inflammatory activity in reducing the release of Il-1β, Il-6 and TNFα in brain areas particularly affected by ischemia. Furthermore, AP39 enhanced the pro-survival pathways of neurotrophic factors BDNF-TrkB and NGF-TrkA and reduced the proapoptotic proNGF-p75NTR-sortilin pathway activity. These changes corresponded with reduced levels of cleaved caspase 3. Altogether, AP39 treatment induced adaptative changes within the brain and, by that, developed brain tolerance to ischemia.National Science Center, PolandMedical Research Council (MRC