22 research outputs found
Can eye contact alleviate distress caused by ostracism?
Being ostracized by others is distressing and painful. Previous research suggests that ostracism creates a need to re-affiliate with new potential interaction partners, and that successful re-affiliation can alleviate distress caused by being ostracized. As eye contact is an important cue indicating willingness for social interaction, it could reduce the adverse effects of ostracism. In this study, participants were randomly assigned to be either included or excluded in a virtual ball-tossing game Cyberball, after which they were shown a one-minute video of a person with either direct or downward gaze. Participants' mood, pain and satisfaction of basic social needs were measured right after the game (reflexive stage) and after the video (reflective stage). The main hypothesis was that, among participants ostracized in the game, seeing a video portraying a person with direct gaze would facilitate recovery of basic needs, mood, and social pain more than seeing a video of a person with downward gaze. However, while ostracized participants showed recovery in the reflective stage, the recovery was not differently moderated by the gaze direction in the video. In fact, ostracized participants had completely recovered by the reflective stage. Thus, the hypothesis was not supported. However, because the complete recovery of ostracized participants may have been due to distraction caused by the video viewing task, the hypothesis could not be refuted either. These results may have implications on how ostracism and recovery from ostracism should be studied in the future. The results also showed that ostracism and eye gaze together may influence public self-awareness. Personal characteristics did not have an impact on the outcomes of ostracism, except global self-esteem, which buffered against social pain
Social Exclusion and Responses to Eye Gaze
Katse on yksi tÀrkeimmistÀ signaaleista, joilla ihminen viestii ryhmÀn ulkopuolelle sulkemista sekÀ sosiaalista hyvÀksyntÀÀ. TÀssÀ vÀitöskirjassa tutkittiin, miten sosiaalinen hyljeksintÀ ja sosiaaliseen vuorovaikutukseen osallistuminen (inkluusio) vaikuttavat toisen ihmisen katseeseen reagoimiseen (tutkimukset I-III). TÀmÀn lisÀksi kirjallisuuskatsauksessa tarkasteltiin laajemmin, miten sosiaalinen hyljeksintÀ muuntaa sosiaalisen tiedon kÀsittelyÀ (tutkimus IV).
Tutkimuksen I tavoite oli selvittÀÀ, tehostaako suoran katseen nÀkeminen hyljeksinnÀn jÀlkeistÀ mielialan palautumista. Kahdessa kokeessa tÀlle hypoteesille ei löydetty tukea. Sosiaalisesti hyljeksityksi tulleilla tutkittavilla kokemus sosiaalisten perustarpeiden tÀyttymisestÀ palautui kahden mittauskerran vÀlillÀ samalla tavalla riippumatta siitÀ, nÀkivÀtkö tutkittavat mittausten vÀlissÀ videon kohti katsovista vai alaspÀin katsovista kasvoista. Tutkimus II tarkasteli, miten hyljeksintÀ ja inkluusio verkossa tapahtuvassa sosiaalisessa vuorovaikutuksessa vaikuttavat katsesuuntien arviointeihin. Tulokset osoittivat, ettÀ inkluusioryhmÀÀn ja ei-sosiaaliseen vertailuryhmÀÀn verrattuna hyljeksityksi tulleet tutkittavat arvioivat kapeammalle alueelle kohdistettujen katsesuuntien olevan suunnattu heihin. TÀmÀn muutoksen toisten ihmisten katsesuuntien arvioinneissa tulkittiin liittyvÀn vÀlttÀmismotivaatioon. Inkluusio- ja vertailuryhmien vÀlillÀ ei ollut eroa katsesuuntien arvioinneissa. Tutkimus III testasi, hidastaako hyljeksintÀ tai inkluusio tarkkaavuuden irrottamista kohti katsovista kasvoista. Hypoteesien vastaisesti vain inkluusioryhmÀssÀ tarkkaavuuden irrottaminen oli hitaampaa kohti katsovista kasvoista alaspÀin katsoviin kasvoihin verrattuna. HyljeksintÀryhmÀn ja ei-sosiaalisen vertailuryhmÀn vÀlillÀ ei ollut eroa; molemmissa ryhmissÀ tarkkaavuuden siirtÀminen pois kasvoista oli yhtÀ nopeaa riippumatta siitÀ, katsoivatko kasvot kohti vai alaspÀin.
Tutkimuksen IV kirjallisuuskatsaus osoitti, ettĂ€ hyljeksinnĂ€n on havaittu muuntavan sosiaalisen tiedon kĂ€sittelyĂ€ monin tavoin. HyljeksintĂ€ muuntaa sosiaalisesta tiedosta tehtyjĂ€ tulkintoja ja vaikuttaa siihen, miten tarkkaavuutta suunnataan erilaisiin sosiaalisiin Ă€rsykkeisiin. NĂ€mĂ€ vaikutukset voivat olla erilaisia riippuen tilannetekijöistĂ€ ja hyljeksityksi tulleen henkilön yksilöllisistĂ€ piirteistĂ€. HyljeksintĂ€ myös parantaa sosiaalisesti merkityksellisen tiedon muistamista ja jopa parantaa sosiaalisen tiedon varhaista kĂ€sittelyĂ€, kuten lisÀÀ tarkkuutta kasvonilmeiden tunnistamisessa. Tutkimuskirjallisuudessa havaittiin kuitenkin useita merkittĂ€viĂ€ aukkoja, kuten ettĂ€ alan tutkimuksessa ei oltu juurikaan tarkasteltu mekanismeja, jotka vĂ€littĂ€vĂ€t hyljeksinnĂ€n vaikutuksia sosiaalisen tiedon kĂ€sittelyyn. NĂ€iden aukkojen paikkaamiseksi ehdotettiin jatkotutkimuksia.Eye gaze is one of the most important cues to convey social exclusion and social inclusion. In the present thesis, socially excluded and socially included individualsâ responses to othersâ eye gaze were investigated in three empirical studies (Studies IIII). The empirical studies were complemented by a literature review taking a broader look into how exclusion modulates processing of social information more generally (Study IV).
The aim of Study I was to examine whether viewing direct gaze would ameliorate affective distress after exclusion. Two experiments found no evidence for this.
Socially excluded participants showed similar levels of recovery of basic social needs between two measurement stages regardless of whether they viewed a video of a person portraying direct or downward gaze between the stages. Study II investigated how exclusion and inclusion in an online interaction modulate gaze direction judgments. The results showed that, when compared to inclusion and non-social control groups, socially excluded participants judged a narrower range of gaze directions as being pointed at them, possibly reflecting avoidance motivation. No differences in gaze direction judgments between inclusion and non-social control groups were found. Study III tested whether exclusion or inclusion would delay disengagement of attention from faces portraying direct gaze. Contrary to the hypotheses, only the social inclusion group showed delayed disengagement from direct gaze faces, as compared to downward gaze faces. Social exclusion and nonsocial control groups responded similarly, showing no differences in disengagement of attention from faces portraying direct and downward gaze.
A literature review in Study IV revealed that exclusion modulates several social cognitive processes. Exclusion alters evaluation of social information and allocation of attention towards social stimuli. These changes may be different depending on various individual traits and situational factors. Exclusion also improves memory for socially relevant information and even enhances social information processing at early processing stages, such as enhancing facial expression recognition. Importantly, however, several important gaps in the literature were identified, such as that previous research had not paid close attention to investigating the mechanisms mediating the effects of exclusion on various cognitive functions involving processing of social information. Directions for future research were proposed
Kuurojen ja viittomakielisten totuus- ja sovintoprosessin yhteyteen jÀrjestettÀvÀ psykososiaalinen tuki
Suomessa on aloitettu kuurojen ja viittomakielisten totuus- ja sovintoprosessin kÀynnistÀmisen valmistelu. Tavoitteena on selvittÀÀ Suomen valtion viittomakielisiin kohdistamia vÀÀryyksiÀ, etsiÀ valtion ja viittomakielisen yhteisön vÀlistÀ sovintoa ja pyrkiÀ varmistamaan, ettei vÀÀryyksiÀ tapahdu tulevaisuudessa. Prosessin voi arvioida lisÀÀvÀn tarvetta psykososiaaliselle tuelle niin prosessiin osallistuvissa henkilöissÀ kuin laajemmassa yhteisössÀkin, jota prosessi koskee. TÀmÀn selvityksen tavoite on arvioida totuus- ja sovintoprosessin yhteyteen tarvittavan psykososiaalisen tuen tarvetta ja ehdottaa tuelle toteutusmalli. Selvitys koostuu kolmesta osasta. Johdannossa esitellÀÀn viittomakielistÀ yhteisöÀ sekÀ totuus- ja sovintoprosessin taustaa. Toinen osa on esiselvitys, jossa arvioidaan viittomakielisten psykososiaalisten palveluiden nykytilannetta, arvioidaan totuus- ja sovintoprosessin piirissÀ olevien henkilöiden mÀÀrÀÀ ja arvioidaan prosessin aiheuttamaa palvelutarpeen lisÀÀntymistÀ suhteessa nykyiseen palvelujÀrjestelmÀÀn. Kolmannessa osassa ehdotetaan totuus- ja sovintoprosessin yhteyteen jÀrjestettÀvÀ psykososiaalisen tuen porrastettu malli
When a look is not enough : No evidence for direct gaze facilitating recovery after social exclusion
Perception of eye contact, self-referential thinking and age
Increased thinking about one's self has been proposed to widen the gaze cone, that is, the range of gaze deviations that an observer judges as looking directly at them (eye contact). This study investigated the effects of a self-referential thinking manipulation and demographic factors on the gaze cone. In a preregistered experiment (N = 200), the self-referential thinking manipulation, as compared to a control manipulation, did not influence the gaze cone, or the use of first-person pronouns in a manipulation check measuring self-referential processing. This may indicate a failure of the manipulation and participantsâ lack of effort. However, participantsâ age was significantly correlated with both measures: older people had wider gaze cones and used more self-referring pronouns. A second experiment (N = 300) further examined the effect of the manipulation and demographic factors on self-referential processing, and the results were replicated. These findings may reflect age-related self-reference and positivity effects.publishedVersionPeer reviewe
Online Survey on Novel Designs for Supporting Self-Reflection and Emotion Regulation in Online News Commenting
publishedVersionPeer reviewe
User-centred quality of UI interventions aiming to influence online news commenting behaviour
While HCI literature offers general frameworks for understanding user-centred quality, specific application areas may call for more detailed contextualisation of it. This paper focuses on socio-technical context of online news commenting by investigating speculative UI interventions intended to influence usersâ emotions and social behaviour. To understand the aspects of quality that matter to users in such UI interventions, we conducted an international online survey (Nâ=â439) and qualitatively analysed respondentsâ first impressions of eight different design proposals. The findings describe contextually relevant socio-technical viewpoints and offer actionable considerations for design. For example, the findings imply that designers should be mindful of possible unintentional misuse that may result from the UI reinforcing specific emotional states or affording stigmatisation of individual users. The study advances understanding of which aspects of quality should be considered when designing and deploying UI interventions for digital media services and evaluating them with potential end-users.publishedVersionPeer reviewe
Emotionally toned online discussions evoke subjectively experienced emotional responses
acceptedVersionPeer reviewe
Tunteiden, teknologian ja journalismin ristipaineessa: Verkkokommentoinnin moderointi suomalaisissa uutistoimituksissa
Uutisten verkkokommentoinnin kielteistaÌ ilmapiiriaÌ ja asiattomia kommentteja pidetaÌaÌn vakavana, julkisen keskustelun laatua heikentaÌvaÌnaÌ ongelmana. Keskustelujen moderointia pidetaÌaÌn yleisesti hyvaÌnaÌ tapana puuttua asiattomuuksiin, mutta sen nykyiset keinot koetaan riittaÌmaÌttoÌmiksi, olipa kyse tietokoneohjelmista tai ihmisten tekemaÌstaÌ moderointityoÌstaÌ. Artikkelissa esittelemme uutiskommenttien moderointia kaÌsittelevaÌaÌ aikaisempaa tutkimusta sekaÌ tarkastelemme aihetta empiirisesti analysoimalla viittaÌ eri mediataloa edustavan suomalaisen media-alan ammattilaisen naÌkemyksiaÌ ja kokemuksia verkkokommenttien moderoinnista, keskittyen erityisesti kommenteissa esiintyvien tunteiden rooliin. Analyysin pohjalta kommenteista ja niiden moderoinnista piirtyy ristiriitainen kuva. YhtaÌaÌltaÌ kommentteja arvostetaan yleisoÌn osallistumisen muotona ja niiden tunnesisaÌlloÌn koetaan lisaÌaÌvaÌn keskustelun vetovoimaa. Toisaalta moderointi koetaan vaivalloisena ja journalistisesta perustyoÌstaÌ erillisenaÌ tehtaÌvaÌnaÌ ja kommentit liian negatiivisina. MyoÌs moderoinnin ja journalismin vaaliman ilmaisunvapauden suhde naÌyttaÌytyy jaÌnnitteisenaÌ. Tietokoneavusteinen moderointi puolestaan koetaan hyoÌdylliseksi, mutta sitaÌ pidetaÌaÌn myoÌs epaÌtarkkana. NaÌitaÌ havaintoja vasten pohdimme, millaista uutiskommenttien moderointi voisi tulevaisuudessa olla suomalaisella mediakentaÌllaÌ. EsitaÌmme, ettaÌ tehokkuutta tavoittelevan moderoinnin lisaÌksi kaÌytoÌssaÌ olisi hyvaÌ olla keinoja, jotka tarttuvat asiattomaan kommentoitiin pehmeaÌmmin kuin sisaÌltoÌaÌ poistamalla
Applying Critical Voice in Design of User Interfaces for Supporting Self-Reflection and Emotion Regulation in Online News Commenting
On digital media services, uncivil commenting is a persistent issue causing negative emotional reactions. One enabler for such problematic behavior is the user interface, conditioning, and structuring text-based communication online. However, the specific roles and influences of UIs are little understood, which calls for critical analysis of the current UI solutions as well as speculative exploration of alternative designs. This paper reports a research-through-design study on the problematic phenomenon regarding uncivil and inconsiderate commenting on online news, envisioning unconventional solutions with a critical voice. We unpack this problem area and outline critical perspectives to possible solutions by describing and analyzing four designs that propose to support emotion regulation by facilitating self-reflection. The design choices are further discussed in respect to interviews of ten news media experts. The findings are reflected against the question of how can critique meaningfully manifest in this challenging problem area.acceptedVersionPeer reviewe