Estrogenic activity, race/ethnicity, and Indigenous American ancestry among San Francisco Bay Area women.

Estrogens play a significant role in breast cancer development and are not only produced endogenously, but are also mimicked by estrogen-like compounds from environmental exposures. We evaluated associations between estrogenic (E) activity, demographic factors and breast cancer risk factors in Non-Latina Black (NLB), Non-Latina White (NLW), and Latina women. We examined the association between E activity and Indigenous American (IA) ancestry in Latina women. Total E activity was measured with a bioassay in plasma samples of 503 women who served as controls in the San Francisco Bay Area Breast Cancer Study. In the univariate model that included all women with race/ethnicity as the independent predictor, Latinas had 13% lower E activity (p = 0.239) and NLBs had 35% higher activity (p = 0.04) compared to NLWs. In the multivariable model that adjusted for demographic factors, Latinas continued to show lower E activity levels (26%, p = 0.026), but the difference between NLBs and NLWs was no longer statistically significant (p = 0.431). An inverse association was observed between E activity and IA ancestry among Latina women (50% lower in 0% vs. 100% European ancestry, p = 0.027) consistent with our previously reported association between IA ancestry and breast cancer risk. These findings suggest that endogenous estrogens and exogenous estrogen-like compounds that act on the estrogen receptor and modulate E activity may partially explain racial/ethnic differences in breast cancer risk

Creating Information-Literate Musicians in the Academic Library

For musicians, the act of creation is multifaceted: musicians perform, analyze, write, speak, and teach in highly collaborative and diverse environments. Information-literate musicians require training to understand and engage with the myriad kinds of content and materials inherent to the contemplation, study, creation, and enjoyment of music. The various information needs of musicians requires creators to make many choices--from selecting a particular score edition or recording from many similar options, to employing a specific scholarly or pedagogical methodology to their work, musicians require the skills to critically evaluate information and determine its usefulness. Music’s ubiquity adds a further layer of intricacy, as music-related research happens in both the concert hall and the classroom, and is not limited to music programs. Disciplines from anthropology to psychology to literature to media studies employ music as a lens through which to examine art, culture, and social structures. As in other creative fields, the history of music scholarship has been heavily influenced by its focus on Western art music and has resulted in the prioritization of Euro-centric musical traditions in study and performance, making research on non-Western and popular music trickier for creators and researchers to conduct. Each of these elements contributes to a complex landscape for librarians planning information literacy instruction activities in support of music-related research and creation. Because of this complexity, students pursuing academic projects that involve music may need support for a range of creative endeavors, and information literacy instruction might seem like a complicated feat for the librarians who work with these creators. By defining what information literacy is for music students and exploring the ways that academic research and creation in music intersects with other disciplines, the authors provide a framework to help librarians contribute to the development of information-literate musicians

Doença cerebrovascular isquêmica na infância: avaliação cognitiva de 15 pacientes

The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the cognitive function of children with ischemic cerebrovascular disease (ICVD). Fifteen children, 7 girls and 8 boys, aged 7.9 to 16.1 years, were evaluated by Piaget's clinical method. The control group was composed by fifteen children whose ages, sex and socioeconomic conditions were similar to those of the ICVD group. The cognitive function evaluation of the ICVD group showed that most of the children (10/15) were under their age group. The SPECT was performed on 14 children with ICVD and the results showed that 8/9 children with hypoperfusion presented a poor cognitive estimation and 3/5 children with normal perfusion demonstrated an adequate performance. We conclude that ICVD in childhood may compromise cognition; therefore, it needs a follow up of acquisitions during alI the stages of development.O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar as funções cognitivas de crianças acometidas por doença cerebrovascular isquêmica (DCV-I). Quinze crianças com idade entre 7,9 e 16, 1 anos foram avaliadas pelo método clínico de Piaget, sendo 8 do sexo masculino. Outras 15 crianças, com idade, sexo e nível sócio-econômico similares aos do grupo propósito compuseram o grupo controle. A avaliação das funções cognitivas mostrou que a maioria das crianças (10/15) do grupo DCV-I apresentou defasagem para a faixa etária. Catorze crianças do Grupo DCV-I realizaram o SPECT. Comparando-se o resultado deste exame com a avaliação cognitiva, verificou-se que a maioria das crianças com hipoperfusão (8/9) apresentou déficit na avaliação cognitiva e 3/5 com perfusão normal tiveram desempenho adequado. Concluímos que a DCV-I na infância pode comprometer a cognição da criança, indicando a necessidade do acompanhamento evolutivo das aquisições em todas as etapas do desenvolvimento.80280