The Effects of Climatic Variations on Peat Swamp Forest Condition and Peat Combustibility

A study on the effects of climatic variations on peat swamp forest condition and peat combustibility was conducted in peat swamp forest of Sungai Karang Forest Reserve, Tanjong Karang, Selangor, Malaysia. The objectives of the study were to determine: 1). Climatic variations in the study area, 2). The effects of climatic variations on peat swamp forest condition; 3). Peat com bustibility and its influencing factors, and 4). The effects of forest fire on peat swamp forest condition. The study was conducted in compartment 127 during two periods, namely: October 1999 to January 2000 and May 2000 to October 2000, while, the study on forest fire effects was conducted in compartment 132 from October 1999 to January 2000. Climatic water balance, drought occurrences analysis and drought index using Keetch- Byram Drought Index (KBDI) were used to describe clim atic variations. Investigation on peat swamp forest condition included peat characteristics such as moisture content, pH, organic content, ash content. calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium and water level. Heat content and combustion rate were measured to determine peat combustibility. All data obtained were analysed statistically by using multivariate cluster analysis, univariate and multiple regression. The study defined dry season and wet season as a period when monthly rainfall is similar or less than 125 mm and m ore than 125 mm respectively. The area has two drought periods, namely: January, February, and March as the first period and May to August as the second period. Statistically, the season affected moisture content, bulk density, potassium, magnesium, sodium and water level. By using weekly rainfall prediction, the critical peat moisture content to fire is 355%. The high stages of KBDI in 1999/2000 were observed twice, namely on 25 and 26 April 2000. KBDI can be used in predicting moisture content and water level in the study area. Based on the area burned, burning depth and ash color, forest fire occurred on 9 August 1999 was a light intensity fire. The fire, however, caused the decreasing of hydraulic conductivity and magnesium and the increasing of potassium and sodium

STATUS OF PEATLAND FIRE RESEARCH IN INDONESIA

Peatland fire research has been on the increasing trend since 1997/1998 when fire episode experienced by Indonesia and ASEAN region. Its impact on transboundary haze pollution has not merely related to environmental but on social and political issues. Since then, research on peatland fire has been on local and global concerns. International scientific journals on peatland fire in the period of 1997-2014 were reviewed and analysed descriptively. The study shows that in the earlier stage, researches covered peatland fire characteristics, fire behaviour, fire causes and fire impacts on peat and biodiversity in limited area. Research concerns had been broadened to ecological, economical, social aspects, and even political aspects. Greater impacts on transboundary haze pollution had attracted scientists to study on haze-air pollution relationship with special concern on health and economical aspects. Moreover, peatland fire and climate change issues including greenhouse gas (GHG) emission had been covered and become an iconic topic of peatland fire studies. Geographycally, almost all peatland fire studies focused in Sumatera and Kalimantan.  In the last two decades period, peatland fire researches had been explored and developed to spatial analyses on fire prone areas mapping, modelling on fire occurence prediction, haze trajectory, hotspot accuracy as fire indicator, and the latest issue was burned area estimation in relation to predict GHG emission. Key words:  peatland fire, transboundary haze, hotspot, climate change, emissio

Komposisi Jenis dan Adaptasi Vegetasi pada Areal Bekas Kebakaran pada Hutan Produksi Terbatas di Kota Kayuagung, Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI), Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

The research aimed to identifi changes in species composition and vegetation adaptation in burned forest production areas in Kayuagung, Ogan Komering Ilir district, South Sumatra Province. Forest fire in this area affected on spesies composition, whics is indicated by growth of seedling consistof gelam (Melaleuca leucadendron), tembesu (Fragraea fragrans), and perepat (Combretocarpus rotundus). On the other forest growth level found in unburned area including seedling, sapling poles, and tree. The dominant spesies growth from seedling to stand is meranti (Shorea balangeran), while the tree growth was consist of was meranti (Shorea balangeran), perepat (Combretocarpus rotundatus), tembesu (Fragraea fragrans), and jelutung (Dyera lowii), and was dominated by jelutung (Dyera lowii). Keywords: forest fire, forest production, Ogan Komering Ilir District, species composition, vegetation adaptatio

Upaya Pengendalian Kebakaran Hutan di Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Guntur, Garut

Forest fires are one of the forest disturbances that can damage ecosystems. Forest fires in Guntur Mountain Nature Tourism Park in the last five years have a high frequency, so that efforts to control forest fires are needed. The purpose of this reasearch to identify, describe, analyze control efforts and the role of the community in forest fires. The method used in this research is data triangulation and analyzed descriptively qualitatively. The selection of research subjects using method of snowball sampling technique. Forest fire control efforts are carried out by the government and community. The results of this research show that forest fire prevention efforts are carried out by installing warning boards, having partners with community associations and conducting socialization to communities around the forest. The number of community participation in the socialization was 53,33%. The number of community participation reporting of forest fires was 60%. The number of community participation in suppression is 63,33%. Keywords: Guntur Mountain, extinguishing, natural tourism, reporting, socializatio

Ancaman Kebakaran Hutan di Taman Nasional Bantimurung Bulusaraung, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan

The National Park of Bantimurung Bulusaraung located in Maros Regency, South Sulawesi Province, is a unique conservation area with a karst ecosystem. Forest fires have been an essential threat to the National Park.  The study aims to analyze forest fire occurrences, identify causes and forest fire prevention efforts at the National Park of Bantimurung Bulusaraung, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi. Data used in this study consist of monthly forest fire data from the National Park of Bantimurung Bulusaraung and monthly rainfall data from the Agency of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics in the period of 2015-2020, and information on fire causes, community participation in forest fire prevention derived from respondents of villagers living surrounding the national park. Data analyses using JASP 0.14.1 software. The study revealed that forest fires occur every year at the National Park of Bantimurung Bulusaraung with fires frequency of 20 times and burned area of 163,455 ha  from 2015 to 2020. The highest frequency occurred in 2015 of 8 times and burned area about 97,065 ha. The human factor has been the single fire causing factor, particularly negligence in fire use activities. There are several prevention measures conducted by the National Park management, including the socialization and training activities for community. The unique karst ecosystem seems to be a challenge in the fire suppression process.  Therefore, forest fire prevention involving community living surrounding the national park is critical in forest fire control in the National Park of Bantimurung Bulusaraung. Keywords: community participation, fire causes, fire prevention, karst ecosystemTaman Nasional Bantimurung Bulusaraung yang terletak Kabupaten Maros, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan merupakan kawasan konservasi dengan ekosistem karst yang unik. Salah satu ancaman kelestarian Taman Nasional Bantimurung Bulusaraung adalah kebakaran hutan.  Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kejadian kebakaran hutan, mengidentifikasi penyebab kebakaran hutan dan pencegahan kebakaran hutan di Taman Nasional Bantimurung Bulusaraung, Maros, Sulawesi Selatan. Data yang digunakan berupa data bulanan kebakaran hutan dari TN Bantimurung Bulusaraung dan data curah hujan bulanan dari BMKG periode 2015-2020, serta informasi tentang penyebab, peran masyarakat dan kegiatan pengendalian kebakaran hutan yang berasal dari responden yang tinggal di sekitar Taman Nasional. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan software JASP 0.14.1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebakaran di TN Bantimurung terjadi setiap tahunnya, dengan frekuensi kebakaran sebanyak 20 kali dan  luas kebakaran sebesar 163,455 ha pada periode tahun 2015-2020. Frekuensi kebakaran tertinggi terjadi pada tahun 2015 sebanyak 8 kali dengan luas areal terbakar sebesar 97,065 ha. Faktor aktivitas manusia menjadi penyebab terjadinya kebakaran, yaitu adanya kelalaian masyarakat dalam menggunakan api. Upaya pencegahan yang dilakukan oleh pihak TN Bantimurung Bulusaraung berupa kegiatan sosialisasi dan pelatihan pengendalian kebakaran hutan. Kegiatan pencegahan kebakaran hutan dengan melibatkan masyarakat di sekitar kawasan menjadi faktor kunci dalam pengendalian kebakaran hutan di TN Bantimurung Bulusaraung. Kata Kunci: ekosistem karst, peran masyarakat, pencegahan kebakaran, penyebab kebakara

Faktor Penyebab dan Upaya Pengendalian Kebakaran Hutan di KPH Majalengka

KPH Majalengka is one of the State-Owned Enterprises engaged in forest management business. KPH Majalengka also experienced disruptions arising from forest fires. BKPH Cibenda is an area with the highest fire incidence in KPH Majalengka with an area of 762.93 ha of the total area of forest fires covering 865.48 ha over the last five years (2013-2017). The purpose of this study was to analyze and describe the common cause of forest fires and control efforts in KPH Majalengka. The common cause of forest fires that often occur in BKPH Cibenda according to community perceptions are land clearing, burning deliberately, and grazing. Forms of forest fire prevention activities that have been conducted is socialization, training of forest fire control, warning signs, and firebreaks. Extinguishing activity that have been caried out by community is direct extinguishing and indirect outage, however the facilities of fire extinguishing do not fullfill the minimum aspect. Post-fire handling is often done by collecting damage and loss data, fire reporting, measurement of fire area and location sketching, analysis of damage level and writing event report in Letter A (LA). Keywords: BKPH Cibenda, forest fire, KPH Majalengka, land clearing, post fir

Structure, Diameter Increment, and Cutting Cycle of Residual Stand in Logged-Over Forest in East Kalimantan

This study aims to determine the structure, diameter increment, and cutting cycle estimation of residual stand for commercial species at log over forest managed with a selective cutting and line planting system (TPTJ) at PT Balikpapan Wana Lestari East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The residual stand parameter (tree amount, diameter, and increment) measurement was conducted at the log over area for 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years at the inter-planting line in TPTJ block from 3 PUP (Permanent measuring plot) which each with a size of 100 m x 100 m (1 ha). The result presents residual stand structure at the inter-planting line based on diameter class in the 'J' upside-down form indicates the larger diameter class, the smaller tree amount. The average diameter increment of the residual stand at the inter-planting line for commercial species is 1.04 cm/yr, and non-commercial is 0.65 cm/yr. The estimated cutting cycle is 19 years for commercial species with a cutting diameter limit of 40 cm up.   The potential of stands in the inter-planting line can be expected to produce logging at the end of the cycle, besides the stand in the planted line, including superior species and having significant increments. Keywords: cutting diameter limit, diameter increment, nucleus tree, stand structurePenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari struktur tegakan, riap diameter dan pendugaan daur tegakan tinggal jenis komersil di hutan bekas tebangan yang dikelola dengan sistem Tebang Pilih Tanam Jalur (TPTJ) di areal konsesi PT Balikpapan Wana Lestari di Penajam Paser Utara, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur.  Pengukuran parameter tegakan tinggal (jumlah pohon, diameter dan riapya) dilakukan pada areal bekas tebangan 1 tahun sampai dengan 3 tahun  pada jalur antara (terletak diantara dua jalur tanam) di blok TPTJ dari 3 PUP (Petak Ukur Permanen) yang masing-masing berukuran 100 m x 100 m (1 ha).  Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui struktur tegakan tinggal di jalur antara berdasarkan kelas diameter adalah berbentuk J-terbalik, artinya semakin besar kelas diameter maka jumlah pohon semakin sedikit dan sebaliknya.  Rataan riap diameter tegakan tinggal pada jalur antara untuk jenis komersil sebesar 1,04 cm/th, non komersil sebesar 0,65 cm/th, dan pendugaan daur tebang sebesar 19 tahun untuk jenis komersil dengan limit diameter tebang 40 cm up.  Potensi tegakan di jalur antara masih bisa diharapkan produksi tebangannya pada akhir daur, disamping tegakan pada jalur tanam yang merupakan jenis unggulan dan mempunyai riap yang besar. Kata kunci: Limit diameter tebang, pohon inti, riap diameter, struktur tegaka

Sustainable analysis of integrated cajuput oil business development as a sustainable forestry multi-business at PT Inhutani I

One of the consequences of deforestation is the spread of critical land both inside and outside the forest area. Agroforestry or intercropping is developed to provide benefits and improve welfare for the community, and to optimize the results of a form of sustainable land use to ensure and improve food needs. Eucalyptus is one type of plant that is suitable for forest land rehabilitation because of its ability to live on marginal lands. The purpose of the study was to assess the feasibility of eucalyptus oil business and formulate business sustainability development from seven aspects/feasibility parameters, which are namely: (1) legal aspects, (2) social, economic and cultural aspects, (3) market aspects, (4) management and human resources, (5) risk management aspects, (6) technical aspects, and (7) financial aspects. Meanwhile, to find out whether the eucalyptus business activity as a whole can be sustainable, and its development model, a sustainability analysis was carried out using the cobweb (Amoeba) method. Within the framework of sustainability, eucalyptus concessions must make changes and innovations (Estimated business feasibility on a planting area of 5,200 ha obtained a Net Present Value (NPV) of Rp. 950,734,956,062, - with a discounted interest rate of 12% shows that the eucalyptus oil industry will get a net profit of Rp 7,076,409,779,281, - BC Ratio of 12.56, Interest Rate of Return (IRR) of 55%, Payback Period in the 5th year 4 months shows that in a period of 5 years and 4 months from the investment can be returned from business revenues. The results showed that the seven aspects/parameters were declared feasible and continued with a sustainability analysis and concluded that the eucalyptus oil concession was declared sustainable

APPLICATION OF CMORPH DATA FOR FOREST/LAND FIRE RISK PREDICTION MODEL IN CENTRAL KALIMANTAN

Central Kalimantan Province is a region with high level of forest/land fire, especially during dry season. Forest/land fire is a dangerous ecosystem destroyer factor, so it needs to be anticipated and prevented as early as possible. CMORPH rainfall data have good potential to overcome the limitations of rainfall data observation. This research is aimed to obtain relationship model between burned acreage and several variables of rainfall condition, as well as to develop risk prediction model of fire occurrence and burned acreage by using rainfall data. This research utilizes information on burned acreage (Ha) and CMORPH rainfall data. The method applied in this research is statistical analysis (finding correlation and regression of two phases), while risk prediction model is generated from the resulting empirical model from relationship of rainfall variables using Monte Carlo simulation based on stochastic spreadsheet. The result of this study shows that precipitation accumulation for two months prior to fire occurrence (CH2Bl) has correlation with burned acreage, and can be estimated by using following formula (if rainfall ≤ 93 mm): Burnt Acreage (Ha) = 5.13 – 21.7 (CH2bl – 93) (R2 = 67.2%). Forest fire forecasts can be determined by using a precipitation accumulation for two months prior to fire occurrence and Monte Carlo simulation. Efforts to anticipate and address fire risk should be carried out as early as possible, i.e. two months in advance if the probability of fire risk had exceeded the value of 40%

Persepsi dan Aktivitas Masyarakat Dalam Penggunaan Kayu Bakar di Kota Dili, Timor Leste

Firewood as traditional energy source are used by community in rural area. Firewood problems need serious attention and it is necessary to do the research about firewood. because 80% of the rural area in Timor Leste still using firewood as an energy sources. This research was conducted in May-June 2014 at Becora village, Lahane Oriental village, and Comoro village as targetted villages. The objectives of the study were to identify prespectives of community of Dili city on firewood consumption and activities of community in Dili city using firewood as priority energy. This study were using interview method and questionaire’s filling to respondents on the three targetted villages. Results of this study showed that community at Becora village, Lahane Oriental village, and Comoro village use firewood as an energy sources priority for household consumption. Firewood which utilizes by community were taken from natural forests in Timor Leste, and the precentage of common used species Ampupu woods 80%, Asam woods 5%, Kesambi woods 5%, Bakau woods 5%, and Lamtoro woods 5%.  Key words : traditional knowledge, firewood, household, Dili City, precautionary attitud