Biomass Scenarios, Present and Future: Evaluation of WEC's and Hall's Projections and Comparisons to IEW Poll Responses

Biomass, renewable plant or animal material used for energy consumption, is currently an important energy source in many countries and may have a more prominent future role globally, especially if greenhouse gas reduction programs are implemented. Quantitative forecasts are difficult because present and past biomass usage is not well documented, mainly because of the difficulty of measuring the amount of non-commercial usage. This document reports current usage estimates and offers possible scenarios for future usage in 2020 and beyond. The main sources of data are the two World Energy Council (WEC) (1992) reports 1992 Survey of Energy Responses, 16th Edition and Energy for Tomorrow's World, Hall's (1991) "Biomass Energy" in Energy Policy, and IEW Poll Responses from the January 1993 overview (Manne and Schrattenholzer, 1993). When looking at the available biomass literature, there are problems in performing accurate comparisons between different sources. Data for many regions were incomplete, and much of the available data was less useful than it could be due to lack of clarity. Problems and assumptions that were needed for any of the figures are listed, so that the reader can keep these imperfections in mind when viewing the projections

Investigation of electrochemistry of high energy compounds in organic electrolytes, november 1, 1964 - april 30, 1965

Conversion by electrochemical process of chemical to electrical energy - high energy compounds in organic electrolytes and cathode material

Subfossils of the Boreal Mosses Calliergon trifarium and Meesia triquetra in an Indiana Peatland

Author Institution: Department of Biology, Central Michigan UniversityAnalysis of peat cores extracted from Tamarack Bog, section 7, Noble Township, Noble County, IN, revealed the first recorded subfossils of the boreal mosses Calliergon trifarium (Web. & Mohr.) Kindb. and Meesia triquetra (Richt.) Aongstr. from the state of Indiana. The paleo-environment was characterized as a mineral-rich fen. Local extirpation was attributed to natural acidification. The regional distribution of these two species, since glaciation, has receded northward to the northern lake states. Both species are now extirpated in Indiana

Fiber optic gas sensor

A gas sensor includes an in-fiber resonant wavelength device provided in a fiber core at a first location. The fiber propagates a sensing light and a power light. A layer of a material is attached to the fiber at the first location. The material is able to absorb the gas at a temperature dependent gas absorption rate. The power light is used to heat the material and increases the gas absorption rate, thereby increasing sensor performance, especially at low temperatures. Further, a method is described of flash heating the gas sensor to absorb more of the gas, allowing the sensor to cool, thereby locking in the gas content of the sensor material, and taking the difference between the starting and ending resonant wavelengths as an indication of the concentration of the gas in the ambient atmosphere

Preparing the foundations for video-based, practice-placement support: establishing the role from a students’ perspective

Currently, many placement-based health programme students within the UK are supported through face-to-face visits from university staff. Whilst cited in literature as being of value, the face-to-face nature of this contact is not supported. Alternatives including video-based communications methods offer the potential for cost effective, environmentally responsible support. However, in order to establish the fitness for purpose of alternative approaches, the content and purpose of current support needs to be understood. This project aimed to investigate student perceptions of the ideal content and purpose of clinical support visits, and alternatives to the current face-to-face approach. Fifty-six Physiotherapy undergraduate students responded to questionnaires with a further nine participating in a follow-up focus group. Participants emphasised the value of the visit in guiding learning, ensuring progression and resolving arising issues, and highlighted concerns over alternative approaches. Focus group participants discussed the importance of personal and professional confidence in directing requirements for support, and went on to propose a menu of options for methods of communication.Whilst limited in some applications, video technologies may be one of the options. Overall, however, this project supports the need for consideration of individualised learning journeys within curriculum planning

Distributed high-temperature pressure sensing using air-hole microstructural fibers

We present spatially resolved Rayleigh scattering measurements in different polarization-maintaining (PM) fibers for high-temperature pressure sensing. The pressure-induced birefringence in the fiber cores is interrogated using polarization-resolved frequency-swept interferometry. The pressure responses of a PM photonic crystal fiber and a twin-air-hole PM fiber are investigated for a pressure range of 0 to 13.8 MPa (0-2000 psi) at room temperature and at temperatures as high as 800 °C. The proposed sensing system provides, for the first time to our knowledge, a truly distributed pressure-sensing solution for high-temperature applications. © 2012 Optical Society of America

The Effects of Molecular Weight of Cationic Retention Aids and Turbulence on the Retention of Organic Fines

The retention of organic fines is of major importance to the paper industry. Fines have been found to increase Mullen and tensile strengths. Increased retention, though my adversely affect drainage. Fines also adversely affect the environment when not retained in the sheet. They increase the turbidity of receiving waters and otherwise affect the bottom fauna because of settling. In receiving waters, they are a BOD problem as well as a source of color. The dynamic drainage jar was used to test the retention of fines involving only colloidal forces. Three degrees of turbulence were used, 500 rpm, 1000 rpm, and 1500 rpm. This range of turbulence is believed to cover the range of turbulence of commercial paper machines. Five cationic retention aids of similar chemical structure with varying molecular weight were used in five separate runs. A run without any retention aid gave the base for this study. Retention appears to be linear with respect to turbulence. Retention dropped off, being close to the blank run, at 1500 rpm. The corresponding turbulence of a paper machine must be known to select the best retention aid. The length of time the retention aid is in contact with the stock solution may also affect retention. The higher molecular weight retention aid usually, but not always, has the greater retention at any given turbulence

Text, Transit, and Transformation

The Aymara language is increasingly present in Bolivia’s largest metropolitan region. Developments in public transit transform residents’ relationship to urban social space and the location of Aymara within it. Transit signs include existing Aymara toponyms, but also descriptions of urban space without correspondence to Spanish toponyms. This essay combines text analysis with accounts of riders' experiences to argue the material textuality of bilingual signage suggests an assertion of Aymara hegemony in the city. Rather than just preserving heritage, this language policy intervention of bilingual signage throughout the city extends Aymara toponyms beyond areas of Indigenous confinement