Erratum to: Frequency and typing of Propionibacterium acnes in prostate tissue obtained from men with and without prostate cancer

Background: Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in Western countries but the exact pathogenic mechanism of the disease is still largely unknown. An infectious etiology and infection-induced inflammation has been suggested to play a role in prostate carcinogenesis and Propionibacterium acneshas been reported as the most prevalent microorganism in prostatic tissue. We investigated the frequency and types of P. acnes isolated from prostate tissue samples from men with prostate cancer and from control patients without the disease. Methods: We included 100 cases and 50 controls in this study. Cases were men diagnosed with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy and controls were men undergoing surgery for bladder cancer without any histological findings of prostate cancer. Six biopsies taken from each patient’s prostate gland at the time of surgery were used for cultivation and further characterization of P. acnes. Results: The results revealed that P. acnes was more common in men with prostate carcinoma than in controls, with the bacteria cultured in 60 % of the cases vs. 26 % of the controls (p = 0.001). In multivariable analyses, men with P. acnes had a 4-fold increase in odds of a prostate cancer diagnosis after adjustment for age, calendar year of surgery and smoking status (OR: 4.46; 95 % CI: 1.93–11.26). To further support the biologic plausibility for a P. acnes infection as a contributing factor in prostate cancer development, we subsequently conducted cell-based experiments. P. acnes- isolates were co-cultured with the prostate cell line PNT1A. An increased cell proliferation and cytokine/chemokine secretion in infected cells was observed. Conclusion: The present study provides further evidence for a role of P. acnes in prostate cancer development

Postoperative Analgesia after Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy

Background: Postoperative pain after radical retropubic prostatectomy can be severe unless adequately treated. Low thoracic epidural analgesia and patient-controlled intravenous analgesia were compared in this double-blind, randomized study. Methods: Sixty patients were randomly assigned to receive either low thoracic epidural analgesia (group E) or patientcontrolled intravenous analgesia (group P) for postoperative pain relief. All patients had general anesthesia combined with thoracic epidural analgesia during the operation. Postoperatively, patients in group E received an infusion of 1 mg/ml ropivacaine, 2 g/ml fentanyl, and 2 g/ml adrenaline, 10 ml/h during 48 h epidurally, and a placebo patient-controlled intravenous analgesia pump intravenously. Patients in group P received a patient-controlled intravenous analgesia pump with morphine intravenously and 10 ml/h placebo epidurally. Pain, the primary outcome variable, was measured using the numeric rating scale at rest (incision pain and "deep" visceral pain) and on coughing. Secondary outcome variables included gastrointestinal function, respiratory function, mobilization, and full recovery. Health-related quality of life was measured using the Short Form-36 questionnaire, and plasma concentration of fentanyl was measured in five patients to exclude a systemic effect of fentanyl. Results: Incisional pain and pain on coughing were lower in group E compared with group P at 2-24 h, as was deep pain between 3 and 24 h postoperatively (P < 0.05). Maximum expiratory pressure was greater in group E at 4 and 24 h (P < 0.05) compared with group P. No difference in time to home discharge was found between the groups. The mean plasma fentanyl concentration varied from 0.2 to 0.3 ng/ml during 0 -48 h postoperatively. At 1 month, the scores on emotional role, physical functioning, and general health of the Short Form-36 were higher in group E compared with group P. However, no group ؋ time interaction was found in the Short Form-36. Conclusions: The authors found evidence for better pain relief and improved expiratory muscle function in patients receiving low thoracic epidural analgesia compared with patient

Immediate Risk for Cardiovascular Events and Suicide Following a Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: Prospective Cohort Study

Katja Fall and Fang Fang and colleagues find that men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer are at increased risk of cardiovascular events and suicide

Prostate cancer risk and serologic evidence of human papilloma virus infection: a population-based case-control study.

Epidemiological evidence is accumulating that sexual history may be associated with prostate cancer, and some studies have suggested a relation between human papilloma virus (HPV) infections and prostate cancer. We measured the presence of antibodies to the major oncogenic HPV types 16, 18, and 33 among 238 subjects with untreated prostate cancer and 210 population-based control subjects. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated from multivariate logistic regression models, controlling for age and HPV types 16, 18, and 33, simultaneously. HPV types 16 and 18 were not associated with prostate cancer [OR, 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.4-1.3 for HPV 16; OR, 0.9; 95% CI, 0.5-1.9 for HPV 18]. There was a possible association between HPV 33 and prostate cancer (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0-2.7), and there was a significant excess risk for subjects with high antibody levels against HPV 33 (OR when the difference in absorbance exceeded 0.2, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.2-4.1). When HPV antibody levels were modeled as continuous variables, the results were qualitatively similar. The data do not support previous studies that have suggested an association with HPV 16 or 18 and prostate cancer risk. Inconsistent associations with different HPV types seen in different studies suggest that the association may be because of chance, bias, or confounding by some unknown risk factor that may associate with different HPV infections in different populations. Additional studies of the relationship between prostate cancer and other HPV types, notably HPV 33, could be helpful for clarifying the possible role of sexual risk factors

Mother knowledge about child development, parenting and perceveid social support after participation in parent training program „Encouraging Children’s Healthy Emotional Development”

Šajā pētījumā piedalījās 60 pirmsskolas vecuma bērnu mātes no, kurām 30 piedalījās vecāku apmācības programmā „Bērnu emocionālā audzināšana” un 30 mātes bija kontroles grupā. Veikti „Zināšanu par bērna attīstību” pirmskolas versijas (KIDI – P, MacPhee, 1981, Latvijā adaptējusi, Ukstiņa, 2011) un „Izjustā sociālā atbalsta” (MSPSS, Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, & Farley,1988, Latvijā adaptējušas - Voitkāne, Miezīte, & Raščevska, 2004) aptauju pirms un pēc mērījumi abām grupām. Iegūtie rezultāti parādīja, ka statistiski nozīmīgi ir pieaugušas zināšanas mātēm apmācības programmas laikā, ko galvenokārt ir ietekmējusi mātes iegūtā pārliecība par savām zināšanām. Tika secināts, ka pastāv nozīmīgas sakarības zināšanu precizitātē un māšu izjustajā atbalstā no ģimenes un nozīmīgiem citiem cilvēkiem. Atslēgas vārdi: māte, zināšanas, bērna audzināšana, bērna attīstība, izjustais sociālais atbalstsThis study is based on a sample of 60 preschooler mothers. 30 of selected mothers participated in the parent training program "BEA" while other 30 served as a control group. Both groups were tested by employing surveys „Knowledge of child development” preschool version inventory (KIDI –P, MacPhee, 1981, in Latvia adapted by Ukstiņa, 2011) and „The multidimensional Scales of Perceived Social Support”(MSPSS, Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet,& Farley, 1988, in Latvia adapted by Voitkāne Miezīte, & Raščevska, 2004). All mothers were surveyed before and after the training programme. The evidence of this research shows a statistically significant increase in knowledge among the mothers that participated in the training programme. This was mainly a result of increased confidence about their knowledge. At the same time, itit was concluded that there exist statistically significant corelation between knowledge accuracy and perceived support from family and other important people

A decision support model for cost-effectiveness of radical prostatectomy in localized prostate cancer

Objective. This study aimed to develop a probabilistic decision support model to calculate the lifetime incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) between radical prostatectomy and watchful waiting for different patient groups. Material and methods. A randomized trial (SPCG-4) provided most data for this study. Data on survival, costs and quality of life were inputs in a decision analysis, and a decision support model was developed. The model can generate cost-effectiveness information on subgroups of patients with different characteristics. Results. Age was the most important independent factor explaining cost-effectiveness. The cost-effectiveness value varied from 21 026 Swedish kronor (SEK) to 858 703 SEK for those aged 65 to 75 years, depending on Gleason scores and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values. Information from the decision support model can support decision makers in judging whether or not radical prostatectomy (RP) should be used to treat a specific patient group. Conclusions. The cost-effectiveness ratio for RP varies with age, Gleason scores, and PSA values. Assuming a threshold value of 200 000 SEK per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained, for patients aged ≤70 years the treatment was always cost-effective, except at age 70, Gleason 0–4 and PSA ≤10. Using the same threshold value at age 75, Gleason 7–9 (regardless of PSA) and Gleason 5–6 (with PSA >20) were cost-effective. Hence, RP was not perceived to be cost-effective in men aged 75 years with low Gleason and low PSA. Higher threshold values for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer could be discussed

http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-70933 A Decision Support Model for Cost Effectiveness of Radical Prostatectomy in Localized Prostate Cancer

A decision support model for cost-effectivenes

FOXP3+regulatory T cells in normal prostate tissue, postatrophic hyperplasia, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and tumor histological lesions in men with and without prostate cancer

Background: The tumor promoting or counteracting effects of the immune response to cancer development are thought to be mediated to some extent by the infiltration of regulatory T cells (Tregs). In the present study we evaluated the prevalence of Tregpopulations in stromal and epithelial compartments of normal, post atrophic hyperplasia (PAH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and tumor lesions in men with and without prostate cancer. Methods: Study subjects were 102 men consecutively diagnosed with localized prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy and 38 men diagnosed with bladder cancer undergoing cystoprostatectomy without prostate cancer at the pathological examination. Whole mount sections from all patients were evaluated for the epithelial and stromal expression of CD4+Tregsand CD8+Tregsin normal, PAH, PIN, and tumor lesions. A Friedma\uc5\u84s test was used to investigate differences in the mean number of Tregsacross histological lesions. Logistic regression was used to estimate crude and adjusted odds ratios (OR) for prostate cancer for each histological area. Results: In men with prostate cancer, similarly high numbers of stromal CD4+Tregswere identified in PAH and tumor, but CD4+Tregswere less common in PIN. Greater numbers of epithelial CD4+ Tregsin normal prostatic tissue were positively associated with both Gleason score and pT-stage. We observed a fourfold increased risk of prostate cancer in men with epithelial CD4+Tregsin the normal prostatic tissue counterpart. Conclusions: Our results may suggest a possible pathway through which PAH develops directly into prostate cancer in the presence of CD4+Tregsand indicate that transformation of the anti-tumor immune response may be initiated even before the primary tumor is established