How International Law Standards Pervade Discourse on the Use of Armed Force - Insights into European and US Newspaper Debates between 1990 and 2005

For almost a decade, ‘public legitimacy’ has remained largely unaddressed in empirical international relations (IR) analyses of international legalization. Yet, this concept has behavioral consequences. IR scholars for long assume that a belief in the legitimacy of a norm may be one reason for a ‘compliance pull’ on the international stage. The present study addresses this gap. It suggests a sociological conception of legalization observable in mass media debates and encompassing law’s ‘public legitimacy’, understood as the congruence between legal regulations and discursive practices to that effect that these rules are also accepted by the larger public. This conception is illustrated in European and US newspaper reporting about military interventions in the post-Cold War era (1990-2005). Based on a large-n media analysis, the study not only concludes that an ‘international rule of law’ frame is heavily diffused across the communicative practices of European and US public spheres. It also shows that two legal norms in particular – human rights and United Nations (UN) multilateralism – generate a shared sense of ‘public legitimacy’ across the six countries analyzed.European Public Sphere; media; legitimacy; Europeanization; Europeanization

insights into European and US newspaper debates between 1990 and 2005

1\. Introduction 5 2\. A Richer View of Legalization 7 2.1 Legitimacy and IR Legalization Research 7 2.2 Media as Settings for ‘Public Legitimacy’ Assessments of Law 7 2.3 Case Selection, Data, and Methods 9 3\. Framing the Use of Force 10 3.1 The Visibility of International Law in European and US Media 10 3.2 A Transnational ‘Public Legitimacy’ of Law in Media Debates? 14 4\. Concluding Remarks 17 Literature 19 Appendix 21For almost a decade, ‘public legitimacy’ has remained largely unaddressed in empirical international relations (IR) analyses of international legalization. Yet, this concept has behavioral consequences. IR scholars for long assume that a belief in the legitimacy of a norm may be one reason for a ‘compliance pull’ on the international stage. The present study addresses this gap. It suggests a sociological conception of legalization observable in mass media debates and encompassing law’s ‘public legitimacy’, understood as the congruence between legal regulations and discursive practices to that effect that these rules are also accepted by the larger public. This conception is illustrated in European and US newspaper reporting about military interventions in the post-Cold War era (1990-2005). Based on a large-n media analysis, the study not only concludes that an ‘international rule of law’ frame is heavily diffused across the communicative practices of European and US public spheres. It also shows that two legal norms in particular – human rights and United Nations (UN) multilateralism – generate a shared sense of ‘public legitimacy’ across the six countries analyzed

Under special consideration of the intraarticular pressure of the coffin-joint and its pathogenetic role.

Titel Inhalt Einleitung Stand des Wissens im Schrifttum Wissenschaftliche Fragestellung Eigene Untersuchungen Material und Methode Eigene Untersuchungen - Ergebnisse Diskussion Zusammenfassung Summary Schrifttum Anhang Danksagung und EigenständigkeitserklärungDie vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Pathogenese, der Diagnostik und der Therapie der Hufgelenkentzündung des Pferdes (Podarthritis). Obwohl im Zusammenhang mit der Podarthritis verschiedene pathoanatomische, pathophysiologische und pathobiochemische Veränderungen des Hufgelenks und des Strahlbeins beschrieben worden sind, konnte in der Literatur dennoch keine schlüssige Darstellung der Pathogenese der Erkrankung gefunden werden. Aus Studien an verschiedenen anderen Spezies ist die Pathogenese der Gelenkentzündung im Allgemeinen aber gut bekannt. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wird anhand der vorhandenen Literatur der pathogenetische Zusammenhang zwischen Synovialitis, Erhöhung des Gelenkinnendrucks, Deformation der Canales sesamoidales am Strahlbein, Veränderungen der gelenknahen Zirkulation und intraossärer Druckerhöhung im Strahlbein aufgezeigt. Darüber hinaus werden die möglichen Schmerzquellen bei der Podarthritis erörtert. Aus dem Versuch die bei den verschiedenen Teilerkrankungen des Podotrochlose-Syndroms zu beobachtenden pathomorphologischen Veränderungen ursächlich in Zusammenhang zu bringen, sind verschiedene Theorien für die Pathogenese des Podotrochlose- Syndroms entstanden. Obwohl diese Theorien in der Regel hypothetisch waren, dienten sie als Begründung für den Einsatz zahlreicher systemisch wirkender Arzneimittel zur Therapie des Podotrochlose-Syndroms. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sind die in der Literatur beschriebenen Therapieansätze zusammengestellt worden. Dem Stoff Cumarin wird eine antiphlogistische, ödemreduzierende und gewebsprotektive Wirkung zugeschrieben. Der erfolgreiche Einsatz von Cumarin bei der Podarthritis des Pferdes ist beschrieben worden (FRICKER, 1995; STUKER UND FRICKER, 1997). Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Wirksamkeit von Cumarin bei der Podarthritis anhand einer randomisierten, placebokontrollierten Doppelblindstudie geprüft worden. Eine Wirksamkeit des Stoffes Cumarin konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Die erwartete Dekompression des Hufgelenk-Strahlbein-Bereichs ist nicht oder nur unzureichend erzielt worden. Insgesamt haben 33 Pferde mit Podarthritis an der Studie teilgenommen. Dabei ist der Verlauf der Erkrankung bei den einzelnen Patienten über einen Zeitraum von mindestens zwei bis zu fünf Monaten beobachtet worden. Als Kriterien für die Überprüfung des Therapieerfolgs dienten der Grad der Lahmheit, die Messwerte des Hufgelenkinnendrucks und in entsprechenden Fällen der Grad der Belastung des nicht mehr lahmenden Pferdes. Die entstandenen Messreihen des Hufgelenkinnendrucks sind über die Wirksamkeitsprüfung von Cumarin hinaus ausgewertet worden. Hierbei sind der Zusammenhang zwischen Lahmheit und Druckerhöhung, der Zusammenhang zwischen der Höhe des Drucks und der Dauer der Erkrankung und der Zusammenhang zwischen der Höhe des Drucks und dem Ausmaß der röntgenologischen Veränderungen an den Canales sesamoidales untersucht worden. Es hat sich erneut gezeigt, dass das Verfahren der Hufgelenkdruckmessung eine wertvolle Ergänzung zu den bewährten klinischen und radiologischen Untersuchungstechniken darstellt. In der Zeit der Rekonvaleszenz erhält die Druckmessung außerdem eine Bedeutung als Funktionsprüfung, so können die Messwerte des Hufgelenkinnendrucks bei der Entscheidung helfen, ab wann und in welchem Maße die Belastung des erkrankten Gelenks wieder zu steigern ist.This doctoral thesis focuses on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of the coffin-joint synovitis in horses (podal arthritis). Though several different pathoanatomical, pathophysiological and pathobiochemical transformations of the coffin-joint and the navicular-bone are described in the context of the coffin-joint synovitis a comprehensive explanation of the pathogenesis of this disease still does not exist in literature. Nevertheless several studies in other species revealed the general pathogenetic processes of joint inflammation. Based on the existing scientific literature this thesis summarizes and explains the pathogenetic relationship between synovitis, alterations of the periarticular blood-circulation and the intraosseal pressure increase within the navicular-bone. In addition potential sources for the development of pain are discussed. Various theories for the pathogenesis of navicular disease are originally derived from the attempt to develop correlations between the three different aspects of this complex of diseases (podotrochlear tendon injury/ bursitis podotrochlearis; ligament injury of the navicular bone; coffin-joint synovitis) considering its specific pathomorphological changes. Based on these hypothetical theories many therapeutic concepts using different systemic drugs were initiated for the treatment of navicular disease. The different therapeutical approaches published in literature are presented and discussed within this thesis. Cumarin is characterized as an antiphlogistical, anti-edematous and tissue- protective substance. In literature successful cumarin treatment of podal arthritis in horses was described (FRICKER, 1995; STUKER UND FRICKER, 1997). The study evaluated the efficacy of cumarin for the treatment of podal arthritis in a randomized, placebo-controlled and double-blinded clinical trial. Efficacy of the substance cumarin could not be proven in this trial. The expected decompression of the coffin-joint navicular-bone complex was not or only to a limited extent achieved. Overall 33 horses with podal arthritis were included in this study and the course of the diseases was monitored over a minimal period of two to five months. For the evaluation of the efficacy of cumarin the following criteria were defined and assessed: degree of lameness, intra-articular pressure of the coffin-joint, and in dedicated cases level of regular work of the convalescent horses. Beside the main question of the efficacy of cumarin the data collected in the study were analyzed regarding a correlation between intraarticular pressure increase and (a) lameness, (b) duration of the disease, as well as (c) level of radiological changes of the canales sesamoidales. The results revealed that the measurement of the intraarticular pressure is a useful diagnostic tool complementing standard clinical and radiological examination techniques. During the period of convalescence measurement of intraarticular pressure plays an additional role as functional test to define the time to re-start and increase the level of regular work for the injured joint

Reproductive management in dairy heifers: Comparison of timed artificial insemination and insemination on observed estrus

Titelblatt,Gutachter,Abkürzungsverzeichnis,Inhaltsverzeichnis, Lebenslauf,Selbstständigkeitserklärung, Danksagung 1.Einleitung 2.Literaturübersicht 3\. Material und Methode 4\. Ergebnisse 5\. Diskussion 6\. Zusammenfassung 7\. Summary LiteraturverzeichnisZiel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, die Fortpflanzungsleistung von Färsen zu verbessern und neue Erkenntnisse über die Follikeldynamik nach Brunstsynchronisation mit GnRH und PGF2 bei Färsen zu gewinnen. In einer brandenburgischen Färsenaufzuchtanlage wurden in drei Versuchsabschnitten jeweils zwei verschiedene Synchronisationsprogramme miteinander verglichen. Das Grundschema der Brunstsynchronisation aller Programme basierte auf der Verabreichung von GnRH (Fertagyl ® , Intervet) und Luprostiol (Prostaglandin F2 - Analogon, Pronilen ® , Intervet) im Abstand von sieben Tagen. In der Kontrollgruppe (Programm 1) wurden die Tiere nach der Gabe von PGF2 in einer fünftägigen Brunstbeobachtungsperiode besamt. Im ersten Versuchsabschnitt wurde Programm 1 (Kontrollgruppe) mit einer terminierten Doppelbesamung, die 72 und 96 Stunden nach Verabreichung von PGF2 durchgeführt wurde (Programm 2), verglichen. Im zweiten Versuchsabschnitt wurde Programm 1 mit einer terminierten Doppelbesamung, die 72 und 104 Stunden nach Verabreichung von PGF2???? durchgeführt wurde (Programm 3), verglichen. Im letzten Versuchsabschnitt wurde Programm 1 mit Programm 4 verglichen. Färsen in Programm 4 wurden 72 und 96 Stunden nach der Gabe von PGF2 terminiert besamt und erhielten zusätzlich zur ersten Besamung eine GnRH- Injektion. Die Follikeldynamik dieser Färsen wurde in einer Periode von 48 bis 104 Stunden nach der PGF2- Injektion mittels Ultraschall untersucht. Die Untersuchungen wurden zweimal täglich an drei aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen, jeweils am Morgen und am Nachmittag, durchgeführt. Die Durchmesser der größten Follikel wurden verfolgt und dokumentiert. Der Ovulationszeitpunkt charakterisierte sich dadurch, daß ein sprungreifer Follikel von einem auf den nächsten Untersuchungstermin nicht mehr aufzufinden war.This study was conducted to improve reproductive efficiency and to increase the knowledge of follicular dynamics after synchronization of estrus with GnRH and Prostaglandin F2 in dairy heifers. Three experiments were carried out on a confinement housing heifer raising unit in Brandenburg. Each experiment compared reproductive management protocols based on synchronization of estrus by means of treating heifers with GnRH (Fertagyl Intervet) 7 days apart. The control group of all experiments was watched for signs of estrus during 5 days after the administration of PGF2. In experiment 1 this procedure (Group 1a) was compared to two timed artificial inseminations (TAI) carried out 72 and 96 hours after the application of PGF2(Group 2). In experiment 2 Group 1b was compared to a group inseminated twice at 72 and 104 hours after treatment with PGF2(Group 3). In experiment 3, Group 1c was compared to Group 4. Heifers in Group 4 were inseminated twice at 72 and 96 hours after treatment with PGF2 but received a second dose of GnRH at the first insemination. Follicular dynamics were observed by ultrasound during a period between 48 and 104 hours after PGF2 in all groups. Examinations were carried out twice daily in the morning and in the afternoon on three consecutive days. The diameter of large follicles was documented in a spreadsheet. An ovulation was characterized by the disappearance of a large diameter follicle, that had been observed during the previous examination. In experiment 1 conception rates did not differ between the two groups (46.9 % vs. 53.6 %, p>0.05). However, as all heifers in Group 2 were inseminated, pregnancy rates on induced estrus were higher in Group 2 (40.6 % vs. 53.6 %, p<0.05). Insemination of heifers returning to estrus in Group 1a compensated for this (Conception rate: 88,2%), so that the number of pregnancies per time interval was significantly higher in Group 1a than in Group 2

How international law standards pervade discourse on the use of armed force: insights into European and US newspaper debates between 1990 and 2005

For almost a decade, ‘public legitimacy’ has remained largely unaddressed in empirical international relations (IR) analyses of international legalization. Yet, this concept has behavioral consequences. IR scholars for long assume that a belief in the legitimacy of a norm may be one reason for a ‘compliance pull’ on the international stage. The present study addresses this gap. It suggests a sociological conception of legalization observable in mass media debates and encompassing law’s ‘public legitimacy’, understood as the congruence between legal regulations and discursive practices to that effect that these rules are also accepted by the larger public. This conception is illustrated in European and US newspaper reporting about military interventions in the post-Cold War era (1990-2005). Based on a large-n media analysis, the study not only concludes that an ‘international rule of law’ frame is heavily diffused across the communicative practices of European and US public spheres. It also shows that two legal norms in particular – human rights and United Nations (UN) multilateralism – generate a shared sense of ‘public legitimacy’ across the six countries analyzed

Influence of Attitudes on Willingness to Choose Time-of-Use Electricity Tariffs in Germany. Evidence from Factor Analysis

Time-of-use (TOU) electricity tariffs are a demand side measure to ease balancing of demand and supply to cope with a rising share of renewables in a country’s electricity mix. In general, consumers require compensation for accepting these tariffs. This study analyzes how attitudes drive consumers’ willingness to choose a TOU tariff in Germany. To identify attitudinal profiles, I use an exploratory factor analysis on items capturing positive and negative attitudes towards TOU tariffs, climate change awareness, and belief in energy saving measures. I use these factors as predictors in an ordered logit specification to estimate consumers’ stated willingness to choose a TOU tariff. Three factors are significant: positive and negative attitudes towards TOU tariffs, and climate change awareness. These findings highlight that decision makers who aim at balancing demand and supply through the use of TOU tariffs should focus on informing consumers about the positive impacts of these tariffs on climate change mitigation, grid stability, and possible energy savings

The Institutional Process of Repatriation of Indigenous Heritage: The Case of the Sami Drum Freavnantjahke gievrie

This paper addresses the repatriation debate about the South Sami Freavnantjahke gievrie that was taken from its owner, the Sami Bendix Andersen Frennings Fjeld, in 1723 by the missionary Thomas von Westen. After the confiscation, the drum came to the Danish royal family and was gifted in 1757 to the noble family Saxony-Hildburghausen in what is now Thuringia, Germany. Today the gievrie is in possession of the Meininger Museen. In 2017, the drum was exhibited on loan in Trondheim at the exhibition "Hvem eier historien?" [Who owns history?], which was the impetus for the repatriation debate. The South Sami Museum Saemien Sijte requested a meeting with the German museum in 2021 to discuss a repatriation of the drum. This thesis explores the different perspectives of Saemien Sijte and the Meininger Museen on the Freavnantjahke gievrie, its value to their institutions and the affects that its repatriation could have on their respective communities. Through interviews with the museum directors, Dr. Birgitta Fossum and Dr. Philipp Adlung, their positions on repatriation, identity, traditional knowledge, colonization as well as decolonization in relation to museums are presented. The drum’s contemporary value for the South Sami community is examined in context of Sami history, previous repatriation projects of Sami cultural heritage and research by non-Sami scholars. Through the insight into the interest of both institutions in managing and displaying the drum this work seeks to identify the challenges and opportunities that the repatriation of the Freavnantjahke gievrie entails and contribute to the debate

Picard-Fuchs equations of special one-parameter families of invertible polynomials

The thesis deals with calculating the Picard-Fuchs equation of special one-parameter families of invertible polynomials. In particular, for an invertible polynomial $g(x_1,...,x_n)$ we consider the family $f(x_1,...,x_n)=g(x_1,...,x_n)+s\cdot\prod x_i$, where $s$ denotes the parameter. For the families of hypersurfaces defined by these polynomials, we compute the Picard-Fuchs equation, i.e. the ordinary differential equation which solutions are exactly the period integrals. For the proof of the exact appearance of the Picard-Fuchs equation we use a combinatorial version of the Griffiths-Dwork method and the theory of \GKZ systems. As consequences of our work and facts from the literature, we show the relation between the Picard-Fuchs equation, the Poincar\'{e} series and the monodromy in the space of period integrals.Comment: Ph.D. Thesis, 103 pages, 29 figure