Identification of The Bactericide Active Fraction on Zingiber gramineum Blume Bark

Bactericide fraction as been isolated and identified from Zingiber gramineum Blume bark. The isolation carried out using partition by n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate eluent. The extract bactericide active (ethyl acetate extract) as  been isolated using column chromatograpic method by benzene-chloroform (3:2) eluen system. The activity test of that isolate using Micrococcus luteus and Eschericia coli. The chemical  structure of the compound was identified  using gas chromatography-spectroscopy massa with Wiley 275.L library. The active fraction for E. coli contain hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester;  linoleic acid, ethyl ester; oleic acid, ethyl ester; and octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester. The active fraction for M. luteus contain octadecnoic acid; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid; octadec-9-enoic acid; and hexadioic acid, dioctyl ester

First Report on Fusarium solani, a Pathogenic Fungus Causing Stem Rot Disease on Dragon Fruits (Hylocereus sp.) in Bali

In recent years, dragon fruit crop (Hylocereus spp.) has become increasingly important in Bali Indonesia due to its high nutrient content and healing properties. However, the dragon fruit was reported to be seriously infected with several complex diseases caused by fungi and causing serious losses to the farmers. The study on morphological and molecular characterization the fungal pathogen was conducted to confirm the species of the fungi. Koch Postulate was applied to confirm the causal agent of the disease. There were two isolates of fungi isolated from the stems of diseased plants, namely  isolate w1 (from stem of H. undatus) and isolate w2 (from stem of H. polyrhizus). Based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, and analysis of 18S rDNA, both of them were identified as Fusarium solani. This is the first report on the F. solani the cause of stem rot disease on dragon fruits  in Bali. Keywords : stem rot disease, dragon fruit, Fusarium solan

ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA YANG BERSIFAT ANTIBAKTERI DAN TOKSIK DALAM TUMBUHAN ILER {Coleiis scutellarioides [L.] Benth)

The isolation and identification of antibacterial and toxic compound on Coleiis scutellarioides [L.] Benth. has been conducted. The extraction applied was maceration method using ethanol 85  %.  The ethanol extract then partitioned using three kinds of solvents namely n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate respectively. The most toxic and active antibacterial extraction was separated by chromatography column with n-hexane: chloroform as the mobile phase. Identification of the active isolate was conducted by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy with the aim of'Wiley 229.L database. Toxic test and antibacterial activity test showed that FB2 was proved to be the most toxic and active antibacterial one. The most toxic and active antibacterial fraction of FB2 showed a retardation area of 66,98 mm2 to Micrococcus luteus and 54,43 mm2 to Escherichia coli, and LC50 at 90,72 ppm. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy data show that the FB2 fraction contains 4 compounds namely palmitate acid (24,41%); stearate acid (19,53%); 9-oktadekenamida (22,95%); and Esther dioctyl hexadioat (33,11 %»)

Synergistic Activity of Leaves Extracts of Mansoa alliacea L. and Allamanda cathartica L. to Inhibit Athelia rolfsii, the Cause of Stem Rot Disease in Peanut Plants

Stem rot disease in peanut plants caused by Athelia rolfsii is an important disease because it can reduce peanut yield up to 13-59%. The study aimed to evaluate the synergistic activity of the leaves extracts of Mansoa alliacea L. and  Allamanda cathartica as an alternative control of stem rot disease in peanut plants. Testing of Antifungal activity was carried out  in the laboratory included: diameter of inhibition zone test with diffusion well method; colony growth test, sclerotia germination test, fungal biomass test, and ultrastructure observation using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the crude extracts of the leaves of M. alliacea and  A. cathartica were able synergistically to inhibit the growth of the fungus A. rolfsii with diameter of inhibition by 42 mm, while the diameter of inhibition zones for leaf extract of M. alliacea L. was only 30 mm and as for  A. cathartica L. was only 9 mm. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the mixture of leaves extracts of Mansoa alliacea L. and A. cathartica L. was 0.8% (w/v). Treatment with the extract’s mixture  significantly (P≤0,05) inhibited colony growth, germination rate of sclerotia, and fungal biomass of A. rolfsii. The result of mycelial observation of A. rolfsii by using SEM  showed that surface of fungal mycelia treated with extract looked smaller in size and shrunk, and leakage of cell wall became visible; while at the control, the surface of mycelia remained intact and thrived perfectly. Keywords: synergistic activity, leaves extract, stem rot diseas

Leaf Extract of Cinnamomum burmanni Blume Effectively suppress the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici the cause of Fusarium wilt disease On tomato

Productivity of tomato in Indonesia is still relatively lower than the productivity of tomato in other countries. One of the factors for the low productivity is occurrences of Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. To find an alternative method to control the disease, in this study the antifungal activity of Cinnamomum burmanni was tested against the growth of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici under in vitro condition on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and potato dextrose broth (PDB) media. Extraction was done using pro analysis (PA) grade of acetone. Results of this study showed that the leaf extract of C. burmanni effectively suppressed the radial growth, biomass formation and spores formation of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by 1% (w/v). The inhibitory activities of this extract at concentration of 1% (w/v) against fungal radial growth, biomass formation and spores formation were respectively 41.66%, 43.68%, and 48.43% when compared to control. This leaf extract containing steroid, flavonoid, phenolate and tannin   which  probably responsible for the antifungal activity against F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Further study is still necessary to be done in order to identify the main substance that responsible for the antifungal activity as well as the effectiveness of the leaf extract to control Fusarium wilt disease on tomato plant. Keywords: leaf extract, Cinnamomum burmanni, inhibitory activity, Fusarium wilt diseas

Antibacterial Activity of Flavonoids from Ethyl Acetate Extract of Milk Banana Peel (Musa x paradisiaca L.)

Infectious diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli can be treated by milk banana peels (Musa × paradisiaca L.). This study aims to reveal  the  antibacterial  activity  of  milk  banana  peel  ethyl  acetate  extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and to identify their active compounds.  Extraction  was  conducted  by  maceration  at  room  temperature, followed by partition. Separation was carried out by column chromatography with mobile phase of chloroform: ethyl acetate (7.5:2.5) and stationary phase of  silica gel  60.  Antibacterial assay  was  performed by  well  diffusion method and  identification  of  active  compounds  was  analyzed  by UV-Vis spectrophotometry and LC-MS/MS. Extraction of the peel powder produced methanol extract,  partition of the methanol extract resulted n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water fractions. Antibacterial activity assay shows that ethyl acetate extract was the most active to inhibit the growth of both bacteria. Separation with column chromatography resulted 5 fractions. Identification of the  most active  fraction  with UV-Vis showed that the isolate gave maximum absorption at λ 339.00 nm (band  I) and λ 262.00  nm (band  II) which were thought to be flavonol (3-OH substituted). Analysis  with LC-MS/MS shows that the most active fraction contained 3-methacrylate flavonols and 3-(furan- 2yl) acrylate flavonols

First Report of Curvularia specifera the Cause of Leaf Spot Disease on Rice in Bali, Indonesia

Leaf spot disease was found to occur on rice grown in Badung Regency, Bali Indonesia at the end of 2016. A fungus was isolated from diseased-rice plant and was confirmed to cause inhibition to rice seed germination. More than 63% of the rice seed did not germinate after inoculated with the isolated fungus. Based on the Koch’s postulate test, the fungus caused of leaf spot disease symptom that appeared on the 3rd day with the disease intensity reached 34.26% on the 14th day. This fungus could also cause sheath spot disease on the 14th day. This study aimed to identify the species of fungus causing the leaf spot disease in rice plants. Based on macroscopic, microscopic and analysis of 18S rRNA gene, it was concluded that the fungus causing leaf spot disease in rice plant of Ciherang cultivar in Badung regency, Bali Indonesia is Curvularia spicifera.Keywords: leaf spot disease, rice plant, Curvularia spicifera

Ekstrak Etanol dan Fraksi Heksan Buah Pare (Momordica charantia) Sebagai Penurun Kadar Glukosa Darah Tikus Diabetes (ETHANOL EXTRACT AND HEXANE FRACTION OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA DECREASE BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL OF DIABETIC RAT)

The research on the potency of Momordica charantia as lowering blood glucose has been carried out.The fruit was extracted by 70 % ethanol at room temperature. The extract was then partition with NHexane.The filtrate of partition was purified with thin layer chromatography. Three months old of whitemale rats (Rattus novergicus) with approximately 200-250 grams in weight were used as Bio-indicators.This study used a randomized block design (CRD) consisting of eight treatment groups (each treatmentconsisted of five rats). Rats were injected with streptozotocin to get hyperglycemic condition. The M.charantia fruit fraction (fraction 1-5) with dose 100 mg/kg bw was treated to each group when the ratt wason hyperglycemic condition. Rat blood glucose levels were observed on days 0, 4, 11, and 18 respectively .The results showed that blood glucose levels of M. charantia fraction 1and 5 with dose of 100 mg/kg bwhave the same effect with a negative control from day 4th, fraction 2 on day 18 whereas The others fractionare 3, and 4 were effect on days 18th. Based on the result it can be concluded that the M. charantia fraction1 with dose of 100 mg/kg bw effectively in decreasing the blood glucose levels of diabetic rat

Antifungal Activity of Phenolic Compounds From Samanea Saman Leaves Against Stem Rot Disease on Dragon Fruits Caused by Fusarium Solani

Fusarium solani is a pathogen that causes dragon fruit stem rot. Phenolic compounds are thought to slow the progression of the disease. The aim of this research was to determine the quantity of phenolic compounds in Samanea saman leaf extract, identify the phenolic compounds, and evaluate their antifungal activity against F. solani. Extraction was done by maceration with 96% ethanol, followed by fractionation. Total phenolic content was determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Purification was performed by chromatographic technique. The isolate was identified by phytochemical test and spectroscopy technique. Antifungal assay was carried out by well diffusion agar. The total phenolic content of the acetone extract was 6589.12 mg GAE/100g extract. The extract strongly inhibited the growth of the pathogenic fungi with an inhibitory zone of 25.50 mm. The active isolate strongly inhibited the growth of F. solani with an inhibition zone of 35.50 mm. The phytochemical test and UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis showed that the isolate was hydrolyzed tannin, which absorbs ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 264.90 nm. The infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the functional groups of tannin are OH (phenol), -CH aliphatic, -C=O, -C=C aromatic, and -CO. Keywords: Antifungal activity, Dragon Fruit, Phenolic compounds, Samanea sam