G1419 Community Supported Agriculture

This NebGuide explains what community supported agriculture is, how it works and what producers will need to do to participate. Most Nebraskans have not heard of Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) but the concept is about three decades old in Japan and Europe and about 10-15 years old on the east coast of the United States. In Japan, because of continued loss of farmland to urbanization and the migration of farmers to the city, a group of women approached local farm families with the idea of direct marketing produce from area farms to urban residents. This created an alternative distribution system independent of the conventional market. The farmers agreed to provide produce if multiple families made a commitment to support the farm. Formal partnerships called teikei began in the form of cooperative buying clubs and now involve millions of people. These buying cooperatives have branched out to start other companies, recycling shops and child care services. In the early 1970s, farmers and community members in several European countries, who were concerned about the industrialization of their food system, started the Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) model as we know it. Farmers were losing their market share and their ability to produce diversified crops. CSA proved to support family farms, provide healthy, fresh food and promote a sense of community land stewardship. Today, farmers and consumers in the United States face similar challenges and CSAs offer similar opportunities. In 1986, two farms in the eastern United States began CSAs based on the European model. More than 1,500 CSA farms exist today across the United States

G1419 Community Supported Agriculture

This NebGuide explains what community supported agriculture is, how it works and what producers will need to do to participate. Most Nebraskans have not heard of Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) but the concept is about three decades old in Japan and Europe and about 10-15 years old on the east coast of the United States. In Japan, because of continued loss of farmland to urbanization and the migration of farmers to the city, a group of women approached local farm families with the idea of direct marketing produce from area farms to urban residents. This created an alternative distribution system independent of the conventional market. The farmers agreed to provide produce if multiple families made a commitment to support the farm. Formal partnerships called teikei began in the form of cooperative buying clubs and now involve millions of people. These buying cooperatives have branched out to start other companies, recycling shops and child care services. In the early 1970s, farmers and community members in several European countries, who were concerned about the industrialization of their food system, started the Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) model as we know it. Farmers were losing their market share and their ability to produce diversified crops. CSA proved to support family farms, provide healthy, fresh food and promote a sense of community land stewardship. Today, farmers and consumers in the United States face similar challenges and CSAs offer similar opportunities. In 1986, two farms in the eastern United States began CSAs based on the European model. More than 1,500 CSA farms exist today across the United States

Some effects of clinical pastoral education on a group of theological students and pastors

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University.It was the aim of this dissertation to study the change which takes place in students in twelve weeks of clinical pastoral education. More specifically, it was an exploratory study attempting to develop a methodology to evaluate change in one group of thirteen students in the Institute of Pastoral Care program at Massachusetts General Hospital and to discover the empirical relationships among the personality and behavioral variables being measured. This change was defined and examined in terms of the following questions: (1) During the intensive twelve-week period of clinical pastoral education do changes occur in the students with respect to the following four areas: (a) scores on personality tests and behavioral rating sca.les, (b) self-insight, (c) patient impact, and (d) insight into patient impact? (2) If changes do occur in any of these four areas, can these changes be shown to be correlated with behavior in the other areas? For example, is change in patient impact positively or negatively correlated with self-insight?) (3) Is the type of impact which a clinical pastoral education student makes upon hospital patients correlated with any of the following four areas: (a) scores on personality tests and behavioral rating scales, (b) self-insight, (c) individual variables of impact, end (d) insight into impact on patients? This study was directly related to the underlying philosophy, methods, end goals of clinical pastoral education. One of the problems which has hampered clinical pastoral education in the past has been the lack of respectable measures to evaluate what takes place in, or the degree of success of, a twelve-week training period or program. There has been a question as to whether or not the methods of a clinical training program lead toward the realization of its goals, and, therefore, whether or not the underlying educational theory is sound and realistic. There is a need for a methodology which meets the standards of the behavioral sciences. It was hoped that this study, though an exploratory one, might offer some leads and help in this area as its own methodology was developed and set forth. [TRUNCATED

Occupational Sex Segregation And Economic Development

Occupational sex segregation is an important measure of equality between men and women in the labor force.  As men and women share more occupations and increasingly perform the same jobs in the workplace, occupational sex segregation decreases, indicating a more similar work experience between the sexes, as well as an increase in gender equality.  In this paper a cross-national examination of D, an index of dissimilarity, is presented.  Data from the International Labor Organization is used to calculate D for various countries.  Using the United Nations’ classification of countries into least developed, developing, developed, and Eastern European, this paper examines the effect of economic development on occupational sex segregation.&nbsp

The Persistence Of Sexual Discrimination In The Workplace

Measured by an increasing labor force participation rate for women, a falling dissimilarity index for occupational sex segregation, and a declining male/female earnings gap, there has been increasing integration of women into the workforce in the U.S. over the last fifty years. This increased diversity should lead to increased productivity, thus inducing profit-maximizing firms to encourage it. However, sexual segregation has persisted for so long that it must be beneficial for the capitalist system as a whole. By keeping women separate and subservient with lower wages than men, firms exploit sexual discrimination and are able to maintain higher profits

The inheritance of milk and butterfat production in dairy cattle

One of the problems constantly facing the dairy breeders of today is how to breed dairy cattle for high milk production as successfully as they are now breeding for other characteristics. To accomplish this it is necessary that every breeder have a knowledge of scientific breeding as related to milk and fat secretion and to be able to apply it to their own herd. The object of this paper is twofold: First, to make a thorough study and review of literature of inheritance of milk production, and, second, to carry on an original investigation for the purpose of making a further investigation of inheritance and how it might be applied to the practical breeder