Review Quiz

A quiz on various veterinary terms and concepts for the benefit of students

Small Animal Clinical Quiz

A ten-year old male Standard Poodle was brought into your hospital because the owner noticed that the dog had not been feeling well. It was obvious that the dog was severely depressed. The dog had a history of renal problems for the past two years

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

B Cell Depletion Therapy for New-Onset Opsoclonus- Myoclonus

Abstract: Twelve immunotherapy-naïve children with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome and CSF B cell expansion received rituximab, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and IVIg. Motor severity lessened 73% by 6 mo and 81% at 1 yr (P < 0.0001). Opsoclonus and action myoclonus disappeared rapidly, whereas gait ataxia and some other motor components improved more slowly. ACTH dose was tapered by 87%. Reduction in total CSF B cells was profound at 6 mo (-93%). By study end, peripheral B cells returned to 53% of baseline and serum IgM levels to 63%. Overall clinical response trailed peripheral B cell and IgM depletion, but improvement continued after their levels recovered. All but one non-ambulatory subject became ambulatory without additional chemotherapy; two relapsed and remitted; four had rituximab-related or possibly related adverse events; and two had low-titer human anti-chimeric antibody. Combination of rituximab with conventional agents as initial therapy was effective and safe. A controlled trial with long-term safety monitoring is indicated

Searching the Hyper-heuristic Design Space

We extend a previous mathematical formulation of hyper-heuristics to reflect the emerging generalization of the concept. We show that this leads naturally to a recursive definition of hyper-heuristics and to a division of responsibility that is suggestive of a blackboard architecture, in which individual heuristics annotate a shared workspace with information that may also be exploited by other heuristics. Such a framework invites consideration of the kind of relaxations of the domain barrier that can be achieved without loss of generality. We give a concrete example of this architecture with an application to the 3-SAT domain that significantly improves on a related token-ring hyper-heuristic