Two-Dimensional Forward Scattering – Comparisons of Approximate and Exact Solutions

Various methods for analyses of scattering are mentioned and new approximate relationships are derived. Experimental results for thin wire and several numerical simulations of forward scattering using approximate estimations, physical optics and exact solutions for two-dimensional scattering are presented both for far and near fields. That allows not only accuracy analyses but also conclusions about scattering and total fields in the presence of objects, which are important for many applications such as communications, bistatic and multistatic radars and electromagnetic compatibility

Brownian motion in a non-homogeneous force field and photonic force microscope

The Photonic Force Microscope (PFM) is an opto-mechanical technique based on an optical trap that can be assumed to probe forces in microscopic systems. This technique has been used to measure forces in the range of pico- and femto-Newton, assessing the mechanical properties of biomolecules as well as of other microscopic systems. For a correct use of the PFM, the force field to measure has to be invariable (homogeneous) on the scale of the Brownian motion of the trapped probe. This condition implicates that the force field must be conservative, excluding the possibility of a rotational component. However, there are cases where these assumptions are not fulfilled Here, we show how to improve the PFM technique in order to be able to deal with these cases. We introduce the theory of this enhanced PFM and we propose a concrete analysis workflow to reconstruct the force field from the experimental time-series of the probe position. Furthermore, we experimentally verify some particularly important cases, namely the case of a conservative or rotational force-field

Magnetoresistance oscillations in GaAs/AlGaAs superlattices subject to in-plane magnetic fields

The MBE-grown GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice with Si-doped barriers has been used to study a 3D-2D transition under the influence of the in-plane component of applied magnetic field. The longitudinal magnetoresistance data measured in tilted magnetic fields have been interpreted in terms of a simple tight-binding model. The data provide values of basic parameters of the model and make it possible to reconstruct the superlattice Fermi surface and to calculate the density of states for the lowest Landau subbands. Positions of van Hove singularities in the DOS agree excellently with magnetoresistance oscillations, confirming that the model describes adequately the magnetoresistance of strongly coupled semiconductor superlattices.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, elsart/PHYEAUTH macros; presented on the EP2DS-16 Conference in Albuquerque, New Mexico USA. To be published in Physica

Experimental Study on Thermomechanical Properties of New-Generation ODS Alloys

By using a combination of new technologies together with an unconventional use of different types of materials, specific mechanical properties and structures of the material can be achieved. Some possibilities are enabled by a combination of powder metallurgy in the preparation of a metal matrix with dispersed stable particles achieved by mechanical alloying and hot consolidation. This paper explains the thermomechanical properties of new generation of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened alloys (ODS) within three ranges of temperature with specified deformation profiles. The results show that the mechanical properties of new ODS alloys are significantly affected by the thermomechanical treatment

International standards for the application of the presumption of innocence in criminal proceedings

The presumption of innocence is an internationally recognized standard of criminal justice. However, law enforcement practice shows a lack of legal certainty regarding the understanding and implementation of certain provisions of this principle of criminal proceedings. The purpose of the publication is to identify and systematize the internationally recognized standards of guaranteeing the right to the presumption of innocence. The study used such methods of cognition as comparison, analysis, generalization, and a systematic approach, which made it possible to describe the results and substantiate the conclusions drawn. It is determined that, according to the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the purpose of the presumption of innocence is to: ensure a fair trial by preventing accusatory judicial bias; prevent the formation of premature public opinion regarding the guilt/innocence of the accused, which may adversely affect the impartiality of the court; and protect persons who have been acquitted or whose proceedings have been closed on rehabilitative grounds. Ensuring the presumption of innocence requires ensuring that this right is real, not imaginary. It is established that when determining whether the principle of presumption was violated by public officials when informing the public about the progress of criminal proceedings, the European Court of Human Rights takes into account whether the officials' statement prompted the public to believe in the guilt of the person before the court passed a verdict and whether these statements could have influenced the assessment of the facts when making a court decision. When assessing statements made by public officials, it is necessary to distinguish between a statement of suspicion of committing a criminal offence and a statement that a person has committed a criminal offence in the absence of a conviction; to consider the context in which the statement was made and to take into account the actual content of the statements. The author substantiates the rules of the presumption of innocence in time: it is valid until the court verdict enters into force; a guilty verdict does not cancel a person's right to the presumption of innocence until it enters into force; the adoption of an acquittal or the closure of criminal proceedings on rehabilitative grounds requires that a person be found innocent and treated accordingly. The study will ensure unified law enforcement practice of pre-trial investigation bodies, prosecutors, and courts in respect of compliance with the rules of the presumption of innocence, which will contribute to the rule of la

Public value management and new public governance as modern approaches to the development of public administration

The article studies Public Value Management and New Public Governance - two new approaches to the management process in the public sphere. It is established that they arose in response to modern challenges of the global world. Applying dialectical, theoretical and empirical methods of scientific research, in particular the method of analogy, classification, generalization, we identified the main factors that influenced the emergence of new approaches to management and policy making, and described each approach. The analogy of the traditional model of management and governance with the newest one is drawn. It is determined that according to the traditional model of public administration and governance, only the state has a monopoly on decision-making and centrally forms public policy