Characterization of Bacillus strains of marine origin

A total of twenty aerobic endospore-forming bacilli, isolated from marine invertebrates and sea water of different areas of the Pacific Ocean, were taxonomically characterized. Most of the bacilli (11 strains) of marine origin belonged to the species Bacillus subtilis, according to their phenotypic characteristics, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and fatty acids patterns. A group of four alkaliphilic strains formed a separate cluster that was tentatively classified as B. horti. One isolate, KMM 1717, associated with a sponge from the Coral Sea was identified as B. pumilus. Two strains, Bacillus KMM 1916 and KMM 1918, showed antibiotic sensitivity profiles similar to B. licheniformis, but they had a distinct fatty acid composition and peculiar phenotypic traits. The taxonomic affiliation of KMM 1810 and KMM 1763 remained unclear since their fatty acid composition and antibiotic sensitivity patterns were not resembled with none of these obtained for Bacillus strains

Investigation of Deep-Sea Ecosystems Using Marker Fatty Acids: Sources of Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Abyssal Megafauna

Abyssal seafloor ecosystems cover more than 50% of the Earth’s surface. Being formed by mainly heterotrophic organisms, they depend on the flux of particulate organic matter (POM) photosynthetically produced in the surface layer of the ocean. As dead phytoplankton sinks from the euphotic to the abyssal zone, the trophic value of POM and the concentration of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decrease. This results in pronounced food periodicity and limitations for bottom dwellers. Deep-sea invertebrate seston eaters and surface deposit feeders consume the sinking POM. Other invertebrates utilize different food items that have undergone a trophic upgrade, with PUFA synthesized from saturated and monounsaturated FA. Foraminifera and nematodes can synthesize arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), while some barophylic bacteria produce EPA and/or docosahexaenoic acid. FA analysis of deep-sea invertebrates has shown high levels of PUFA including, in particular, arachidonic acid, bacterial FA, and a vast number of new and uncommon fatty acids such as 21:4(n-7), 22:4(n-8), 23:4(n-9), and 22:5(n-5) characteristic of foraminifera. We suppose that bacteria growing on detritus having a low trophic value provide the first trophic upgrading of organic matter for foraminifera and nematodes. In turn, these metazoans perform the second-stage upgrading for megafauna invertebrates. Deep-sea megafauna, including major members of Echinodermata, Mollusca, and Polychaeta display FA markers characteristic of bacteria, foraminifera, and nematodes and reveal new markers in the food chain

Concept of composition formation at marshalling yards

The purpose of calculating the plan for the formation of trains in the directions is to calculate the average daily costs of car-hours for the accumulation of trains. The article gives a detailed analysis of the process of accumulation of wagons for the composition in the sorting park of the station based on the average wagon accumulation schedule. New formulas are proposed for determining the average daily cost of car-hours for accumulation. The calculation is given and the av-erage statistical values of the investigated quantities are determined. Practical significance: is the detailed consideration of the process of accumulation of cars taking into account the arrival of individual groups of cars, which determine the costs of car-hours for the accumulation of wagons

Research of the sphere of application of a flexible method of implementation of train movement graphics

The purpose of this article is to justify the use of a flexible method for implementing the train schedule at the sorting stations and the parameters characterizing it, as well as the dependencies that determine these parameters and the costs of car-hours for the accumulation of wagons. Results: The article gives a detailed analysis of the process of accumulation of wagons for the composition in the sorting park of the station with a flexible method of implementing the schedule. Formulas are proposed for determining the average daily expenses of car-hours for accumulation and the accumulation parameter of the compositions. The calculation is shown and the average statistical values of the investigated quantities are determined. Practical significance: is the detailed consideration of the process of accumulation of cars with the magnitude of deviation from the maximum norm, the composition in the smaller direction and its effect on the costs of car-hours for the accumulation of wagons

The process of accumulation wagons at marshalling yards with a firm timetable trains

The aim is to study sostavoobrazovaniya in marshalling yards and characterizing its parameters, as well as dependencies that determine these parameters and costs of car-hours of accumulation of wagons with solid graphics. Results: A de-tailed process of accumulation of cars on the train composition, as well as provides features wagons accumulation proc-ess with solid graphics. Practical significance: is a detailed examination of the process of accumulation of cars in view of admission of certain groups of cars that define the cost of wagon-hours to build cars. Their practical application will allow for more accurate and reasonably easy to normalize cars for accumulation, as well as to clarify the method of cal-culating the train formation plan

Modeling the chemical shift of lanthanide 4f electron binding energies

Lanthanides in compounds can adopt the tetravalent [Xe]4fn?1 (like Ce4+, Pr4+, Tb4+), the trivalent [Xe]4fn (all lanthanides), or the divalent [Xe]4f n+1 configuration (like Eu2+, Yb2+, Sm2+, Tm2+). The 4f-electron binding energy depends on the charge Q of the lanthanide ion and its chemical environment A. Experimental data on three environments (i.e., the bare lanthanide ions where A=vacuum, the pure lanthanide metals, and the lanthanides in aqueous solutions) are employed to determine the 4f-electron binding energies in all divalent and trivalent lanthanides. The action of the chemical environment on the 4f-electron binding energy will be represented by an effective ambient charge QA=?Q at an effective distance from the lanthanide. This forms the basis of a model that relates the chemical shift of the 4f-electron binding energy in the divalent lanthanide with that in the trivalent one. Eu will be used as the lanthanide of reference, and special attention is devoted to the 4f-electron binding energy difference between Eu2+ and Eu3+. When that difference is known, the model provides the 4f-electron binding energies of all divalent and all trivalent lanthanide ions relative to the vacuum energy.RRR/Radiation, Radionuclides and ReactorsApplied Science

Formation of the freight trains with a fixed train schedule

The hypothesis of the study consists of the detailed consideration of the process of accumulation of wagons, taking into account the arrival of individual groups of wagons, determination of options for freight trains with a fixed train schedule and substantiation of analytical dependencies that determine the cost of wagon-hours for accumulating trains and obtaining new scientific results on this basis. Their practical use will make it possible to more accurately and reasonably normalize the idle time of cars under accumulation, as well as to clarify the methodology for calculating the train formation plan. The research methodology is based on existing methods and methods of forming freight trains for a rational way of implementing the train schedule. Results of the study: the methods of standardizing the idle time of cars under accumulation were stated, the regulations of idleness of cars at the sorting yard were clarified, and options for optimizing the plan for the formation of trains were proposed

LINKING TRAIN SCHEDULE ASSIGNMENTS TO A SOLID SCHEDULE

The article provides an analysis of the composition of the sorting station during the accumulation of trains and the formation of trains with their departure on a solid schedule in order to establish dependencies that allow you to determine the cost of wagon-hours for the accumulation of cars and the rationale for the use of a solid schedule. The paper highlights the features of the process of accumulation of cars with a solid schedule as opposed to accumulation with a flexible schedule. As a result of modeling the composition of the solid schedule, the necessary parameters were calculated, which were compared with each other to confirm the correctness of the proposed methodology