OMAE2009-79316 FACTORIAL DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS - AN APPLICATION TO ICE LOADS ON A CONICAL STRUCTURE

ABSTRACT The data for this study is taken from a publication by D. S. Sodhi et al

THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE STUDENTS’ RESPONSE TO THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD AND THE STUDENTS’ COMPETENCE IN LEARNING SIMPLE PAST TENSE AT THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMPN 17 CIREBON

NAEL AL ROHMAH: THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE STUDENTS’ RESPONSE TO THE GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD AND THE STUDENTS’ COMPETENCE IN LEARNING SIMPLE PAST TENSE AT THE SECOND YEAR STUDENTS OF SMPN 17 CIREBON Learning language means learning all aspects of language i.e: listening, speaking, reading and writing. All aspects of language can not separate from grammar, especially in writing. Mostly, students assume that the meaning of grammar refers to the structure or patterns of sentences. Most of them, assume that grammar is difficult. That assumption can make them lazy to learn grammar, including to learn simple past tense. It causes a lack or weakness in their competence. So, teacher has to look for an appropriate method to improve their competence in learning grammar, especially simple past tense. There are many approaches and methods in learning language. One of them is Grammar Translation Method. In Grammar Translation Method, the teacher is a centre in class who teach grammar deductively. Student study grammar deductively; that are given the grammar rules and examples, are told and memorize them, and they are asked to apply the rules to other examples. After that grammar activity, students are taught to translate from one language to another. The objective of research is to find out the effect of grammar translation method as variable X on the students’ competence in learning simple past tense as variable Y at the second year students of SMPN 17 CIREBON. The method of the research is quantitative research. The writer only took one class as sample; that consists of 32 students from a population that consists of 231 students. The techniques of collecting data are: observation, interview, questionnaire, and test. The qualitative data are analyzed by observing the objective condition of the school, and the quantitative data are analyzed by using product moment. From the data that the writer get, it be known that there is significant and positive correlation between the students’ response to the grammar translation method and students’ competence in learning simple past. By using product moment ( r ) the value of rxy is 0.35 is existing between 0.20–0.40, it indicates that there is low correlation between variable x and variable y. And by using “t” formulation, the correlative significant is 2.06 and if it compared with the value of distribution are 2.02. It means that the value of t account > t table. So, the Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. Then, the result of determination coefficient is 12.25%. It means the level of the effect of grammar translation method toward students competence in learning past tense is 12.25%, and 87.75 is influenced by other factors. The conclusion of the research is there is significant and positive correlation between the students’ response to the grammar translation method and students competence in learning simple past tense. But Grammar Translation Method just gives low effect on the students’ competence in learning simple past tense

Ice intelligence retrieval by remote sensing - Possibilities and challenges in an operational setting

Detecting ice drift velocity when operating offshore in ice-covered waters is crucial during marine operations, as ice actions affect station keeping and ice management. Furthermore, other ice data/intelligence such as ice concentration and thickness are important parameters to determine ice resistance, evaluate performance of icebreakers and predict ice actions on structures. Different sensors are available and capable of providing ice intelligence; however, no single sensor is capable of providing all necessary ice intelligence alone. Thus, an operational scenario depends on combining ice intelligence from several sensors. Previous studies have assessed potential sensors that detect ice drift; however, the practical implications of applying these technologies in operational scenarios are often disregarded. This paper reviews the various sensors currently available for sensing ice drift and other ice intelligence, and their abilities to provide ice information for operational scenarios. The sensors satellite SAR, marine radars and optical cameras are assessed qualitatively in a case study. The study considers the scenarios of drilling and production of hydrocarbons at the Korpfjell prospect in the central eastern Barents Sea, where the Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy recently awarded a license. The case study shows that during an operational scenario, ice intelligence must be provided by a combination of regional and local sensors. Furthermore, great potential exists to combine intelligence from different sensors to form an operational monitoring, detection and surveillance tool for operational decision support

Parallel channels' fracturing mechanism during ice management operations. Part II: Experiment

During ice management operations, cutting parallel channels with narrow spacing in the ice using icebreakers can effectively reduce the size of ice floes reaching the protected vessel/structure. A narrow channel spacing width generates smaller ice floes. However, a spacing that is too narrow can lead to excessive or even impractical ice management operations. Therefore, it is beneficial to establish a theoretical model that correlates the channel spacing width with the frequency of ice fracturing events and the reduction of managed ice floe sizes. This is achieved in the current study with two sequential papers, i.e. Papers I and II. In Paper I, a theoretical model involving an ‘edge crack model’ was formulated to predict the following conditions for an ice management operation: 1) the maximum ice floe with size LMCD that can be produced; 2) the maximum channel spacing width hmax beyond which long cracks will not develop between the channels; and 3) the required force to initiate long cracks between parallel channels. In this paper (Paper II), we describe two dedicated ‘parallel channel tests’ conducted separately on September 26th and 29th in 2015 during an expedition to the Arctic Ocean (around 82°N and 16°E) with the icebreakers Oden and Frej. The tests had ‘well-controlled’ channel spacing in each test run. Several different channel spacing values were tested with the Oden and the consequent fracturing information was documented by camera images. Image processing enabled us to extract information, such as maximum floe sizes and floe size distributions, given different channel spacing widths. In addition, the ship's data, such as ship velocity and propulsion history, enabled us to validate the theoretical model's capability to predict the onset of long cracks between two parallel channels. Despite uncertainties (e.g., non-uniform ice thickness, fracture properties of sea ice, etc.) involved in the tests, favourable comparisons between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions were achieved. Both the theoretical model and experimental results help clarify the parallel channel fracturing mechanism

Evaluation of load-carrying capacity of a submersible platform subjected to accidental ice impacts

Floating glacial ice features of various sizes pose great threats to the structural integrity of offshore structures in arctic regions. Potential collisions with large icebergs should generally be avoided through proper ice management, but smaller glacial ice features such as bergy bits or growlers (with a characteristic water line < 15 m) may be overlooked by radar in high sea states, and are likely to hit the platform accidentally. This paper evaluates the load carrying capacity of a semi-submersible platform to accidental ice impacts. The shared energy approach is adopted as done in ship collision analysis, assuming collision scenarios with rigid platform-deformable ice on the one hand, and rigid ice-deformable structures on the other hand. Both ice and the platform should deform and dissipate energy under the same force level. For structural analysis, non-linear finite element code LS-DYNA is used. An alternative approach is the simplified analytical method, which allows for fast and reasonable prediction of structural damage. Simplified expressions for stiffened panels under ice pressure patch loading are introduced. The resulting resistance curves compare reasonably with LS-DYNA simulations

Marine icing observed on KV Nordkapp during a cold air outbreak with a developing polar low in the Barents sea.

Marine icing is a phenomenon that may occur for temperatures below subfreezing where sea spray either is lofted from the sea surface or being generated by waves interacting with a ship or a structure. On a voyage from Tromsø to the waters east of Bjørnøya late February 1987, the Norwegian Coast Guard vessel KV Nordkapp experienced heavy icing due to a polar low that raged over these waters during the voyage. This polar low developed in an unstable air mass due to a cold-air outbreak over relatively warm waters. KV Nordkapp experienced air temperatures in the range of -10°C to -20°C, and was moving against 20-30 m/s winds producing waves up to 7.5 m high. During the icing event KV Nordkapp accumulated 110 tons of ice. The icing was encountered all the way from the hull just above the water level to the top of the wheelhouse. The icing event is analysed and calculations made for comparison between observations and modelling results

The Arctic DP Research Project: Effective Stationkeeping in Ice

Stress on the environment from a potentially growing energy use is set to rise. Without doubt the energy resources in Arctic regions will be developed. An important goal will be to exploit the resources offered by for instance the Barents Sea as a new European energy province, and to do this in accordance with the principles of sustainable development that have successfully been used e.g. in the North Sea. The special edition of MIC on Arctic DP presents a set of articles that summarize to an extent the activities of the research project Arctic DP: Safe and green dynamic positioning operations of offshore vessels in an Arctic environment. This project was awarded in 2010 by the Research Council of Norway (RCN) as a competence-building project (KMB project) to NTNU and its partners Kongsberg Maritime, DNV GL, and Statoil. The objective was to target some of the challenges related to safe Arctic offshore operations by dynamic positioning. In this first article of the Arctic DP special edition we discuss the background for and establishment of the project, its planning and execution, and project closure. An overview is given for the scientific and engineering research performed in the project, with an account of what we have considered as Effective stationkeeping in ice by dynamic positioning. The corresponding research activities conducted under this main theme is summarized.Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported (CC BY 3.0) licens