How Momentary Affect Impacts Retrospective Evaluations of Musical Experiences

Music is a temporal experience that can elicit fluctuating moment-to-moment intensities of affect, yet the relationship between moment-to-moment affect during a musical experience and subsequent retrospective evaluations (REs) of the experience is unclear. Three aspects of this relationship were investigated: overweighting of specific moments (peak and end), segmentation of an experience (cohesive [individual pieces] vs. segmented [collection of pieces]), and trend of experience (increasing vs. decreasing trends of affect intensity). Across two studies, participants (N = 123) listened to a recital (set) of six pieces and provided moment-to-moment evaluations of emotional intensity, as well as global REs of the pieces and the entire set. Trend was manipulated (between-subjects) by ordering pieces by increasing (Low-High) or decreasing (High- Low) emotional intensity. The peak-end did not contribute substantially to REs for individual pieces. REs of the recital relied on averages of global ratings of individual pieces rather than momentary affect, suggesting that segmented and cohesive experiences are evaluated differently. The Low-High group produced higher REs of emotional intensity than the High-Low group, demonstrating a trend effect. The average is proposed as the most appropriate predictor for REs in affective—including musical—experiences, with overweighting of certain moments based on memorability (rather than the peak-end). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved

Effect of an antiandrogenic H<inf>2</inf> receptor antagonist on hepatic regeneration in rats

Because biochemical 'feminization' of the liver in males is observed with hepatic regeneration and because the hepatic regenerative response in females is greater than that in males, the posibility that antiandrogens might potentiate liver regeneration was investigated. Before 70% hepatectomy, adult male Wistar rats were treated with cimetidine, and antiandrogenic H2 antagonist, at doses up to 10 times greater than those used clinically. Control animals received either the saline vehicle or ranitidine, an H2 antagonist without antiandrogenic properties. Treatment with cimetidine reduced the hepatic cytosolic androgen receptor content compared with ranitidine treatment. Hepatectomy caused a further reduction in androgen receptor activity in all groups. Hepatic cytosolic estrogen receptor activity was comparable in all groups throughout the study. Moreover, the rate of liver growth and the levels of ornithine decarboxylase and thymidine kinase activity induced as part of the regenerative response were similar in all groups. Thus, cimetidine, despite its ability to bind to androgen receptors, and ranitidine, an H2 receptor antagonist without antiandrogen action, do not modulate the hepatic regenerative response to a 70% partial hepatectomy

Relationship between the diagnosis, preoperative evaluation, and prognosis after orthotopic liver transplantation

The purpose of this study was to identify which of the biochemical, immunological, or functional parameters derived before surgery as part of a systemic evaluation were helpful in predicting the frequency of rejection episodes, the chance of survival, and the cause risk of death (should death occur) of patients after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLTx). Ninety-eight adult patients who had an extensive preoperative protocol evaluation were studied before OLTx. The biochemical parameters assessed were albumin, prothrombin time, bilirubin, and ICG clearance. The immunologic parameters assessed included total lymphocytes, T3 cells, T4 cells, T8 cells, and the T4/T8 ratio. The degree of histocompatibility antigen (HLA) matching between the donor and the recipient was also evaluated in 80 of the 98 patients studied. Most postoperative deaths occurred within 12 weeks of the procedure (24%; 24 of 98 patients); 13 patients (13%) died within the first 6 postoperative weeks, of either bacterial or fungal sepsis. An additional 14 patients (14%) died after the initial 6 postoperative weeks due, primarily of an acquired viral and/or protozoan infection (p < 0.01). During the first 6 weeks, survival was better for patients with cholestatic liver disease (ChLD, 93%, n = 45) and miscellaneous liver diseases (MISC, 100%, n = 10) than it was for those with parenchymal liver diseases (PLD, 77%, n = 43). Although albumin, prothrombin time, T4/T8 ratios, and per cent T8 cells were statistically different in patients with PLD as compared with those with ChLD, these parameters, as well as the per cent T4 cells, serum bilirubin level, per cent retention of ICG at 15 minutes, and the plasma ICG disappearence rate were not found to be of substantial help in predicting patient survival or nonsurvival. Moreover, neither the degree of HLA matching nor the number of rejection episodes differed between surviving and nonsurviving patients. The results of this study suggest that patients with PLD are at increased risk of early postoperative death after OLTx because of bacterial and/or fungal sepsis, as compared with patients operated upon for ChLD. Better pre-, intra-, and postoperative predictors of risk of death and complications are needed to reduce the early mortality observed after orthotopic liver transplantation

Identification of S-nitrosated mitochondrial proteins by S-nitrosothiol difference in gel electrophoresis (SNO-DIGE): implications for the regulation of mitochondrial function by reversible S-nitrosation

The S-nitrosation of mitochondrial proteins as a consequence of NO metabolism is of physiological and pathological significance. We previously developed a MitoSNO (mitochondria-targeted S-nitrosothiol) that selectively S-nitrosates mitochondrial proteins. To identify these S-nitrosated proteins, here we have developed a selective proteomic methodology, SNO-DIGE (S-nitrosothiol difference in gel electrophoresis). Protein thiols in control and MitoSNO-treated samples were blocked, then incubated with copper(II) and ascorbate to selectively reduce S-nitrosothiols. The samples were then treated with thiol-reactive Cy3 (indocarbocyanine) or Cy5 (indodicarbocyanine) fluorescent tags, mixed together and individual protein spots were resolved by 2D (two-dimensional) gel electrophoresis. Fluorescent scanning of these gels revealed S-nitrosated proteins by an increase in Cy5 red fluorescence, allowing for their identification by MS. Parallel analysis by Redox-DIGE enabled us to distinguish S-nitrosated thiol proteins from those which became oxidized due to NO metabolism. We identified 13 S-nitrosated mitochondrial proteins, and a further four that were oxidized, probably due to evanescent S-nitrosation relaxing to a reversible thiol modification. We investigated the consequences of S-nitrosation for three of the enzymes identified using SNO-DIGE (aconitase, mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase) and found that their activity was selectively and reversibly inhibited by S-nitrosation. We conclude that the reversible regulation of enzyme activity by S-nitrosation modifies enzymes central to mitochondrial metabolism, whereas identification and functional characterization of these novel targets provides mechanistic insight into the potential physiological and pathological roles played by this modification. More generally, the development of SNO-DIGE facilitates robust investigation of protein S-nitrosation across the proteome

Συνέπειες από τη σύσταση Κεφαλαίου κατά τη Διεθνή Σύμβαση του Λονδίνου (1976) και τον περιορισμό ευθύνης για ναυτικές απαιτήσεις

Σκοπός αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι να καταπιαστεί με έναν από τους σημαντικότερους θεσμούς του ναυτικού δικαίου, τον συνολικό περιορισμό ευθύνης ναυτικών απαιτήσεων, όπως κυρώθηκε από την ΔΣΠ 1976. Στα πλαίσια της συγκεκριμένης εργασίας θα επικεντρωθούμε κυρίως στα θέματα και τις προβληματικές που ανακύπτουν από τον τρόπο περιορισμού με σύσταση κεφαλαίου, με κάποιες μονάχα αναφορές στο σύστημα χωρίς σύσταση κεφαλαίου κι αυτό κυρίως για σκοπούς συγκρίσεως που θα αναδεικνύουν τελικά τα πλεονεκτήματα του πρώτου. Αρχικά στο εισαγωγικό κομμάτι θα προσδιοριστεί τόσο ο ίδιος ο όρος όσο και η εξέλιξη του στον χρόνο, θα τονιστεί η καινοτομία που τον διακρίνει και που οδήγησε στην επικράτηση του, βεβαίως με τις απαραίτητες τροποποιήσεις, για πάνω από 40 σχεδόν έτη ως εφαρμοστέου δικαίου, σχεδόν από όλα τα ισχυρά ναυτικά κράτη. Εν συνεχεία θα ορίσουμε τα πρόσωπα, στα οποία αναγνωρίζει η σύμβαση το δικαίωμα περιορισμού, καθώς και την προβληματική που ανακύπτει, τόσο ως προς την εξειδίκευση τους στο εκάστοτε εθνικό δίκαιο όσο και τους εγγενής προβληματισμούς. Ακολούθως, θα αναλυθεί ο τρόπος έγκυρης, κατά το ημεδαπό δίκαιο προβολής του σχετικού δικαιώματος καθώς και η διαδικαστική οδός, που απαιτείται για την σύσταση του κεφαλαίου, την κατάθεση του σχετικού ποσού και την ενδεχόμενη τοκοφορία του. Επιπλέον, άξια αναφοράς αποτελούν και τα δικονομικά ζητήματα που ανακύπτουν στην όλη διαδικασία. Ενώ παράλληλα, στα πλαίσια αυτής της πρώτης ενότητας, θα προσδιοριστεί και η απώλεια του δικαιώματος περιορισμού, οι προϋποθέσεις, που απαιτούνται για να επέλθει, καθώς και το πρόσωπο στο οποίο θα κριθούν αυτές. Στην δεύτερη ενότητα, θα περιγραφεί η διαδικασία διανομής του κεφαλαίου και η τύχη ενδεχόμενων προνομίων, που αναγνωρίζονται στο εθνικό δίκαιο και συγκρούονται με την αρχή της σύμμετρης ικανοποίησης των αναγγελθέντων δανειστών. Ακολούθως, θα τονιστούν οι συνέπειες που επάγεται η σύσταση κεφαλαίου για την υπόλοιπη περιουσία του οφειλέτη, με την αναγνώριση της απαγόρευσης δίωξης άλλων περιουσιακών του στοιχείων και την άρση ενδεχόμενων κατασχέσεων επ’ αυτών. Τέλος, θα πραγματευθούν ορισμένα ειδικά ζητήματα όπως η ταυτόχρονη κίνηση διαδικασίας αφερεγγυότητας κατά του οφειλέτη ναυτικών απαιτήσεων και η τύχη του δικαιώματος περιορισμού. Η εργασία αυτή έχει κυρίως εκπονηθεί και οι περισσότερες απόψεις που εκφράζονται επ’ αυτής έχουν διαμορφωθεί υπό το πρίσμα της τελεολογικής ερμηνείας, η οποία θα πρέπει να συμπλέει με τις επιδιώξεις του διεθνή νομοθέτη, όπως μπορούν να προκύψουν από προσφυγή στις προπαρασκευαστικές εργασίες της συμβάσεως αλλά και με την εφαρμογή στις περισσότερες των περιπτώσεων των αρχών της γενικότητας και ολότητας, κατά τις οποίες επιδιώκεται η ευρύτερη δυνατή εφαρμογή της συμβάσεως. Η ΔΣΠ 1976 ως εργαλείο του ναυτικού δικαίου, αποσκοπεί στην προάσπιση των πλοιοκτητικών συμφερόντων και την εξασφάλιση της συνέχισης της εμπορικής τους δραστηριότητας και μετά την επέλευση ενός ζημιογόνου συμβάντος με πηγή διακινδύνευσης το ίδιο το πλοίο, με ένα σύστημα στεγανό και αξιόπιστο. Συνεπώς η σύμβαση θα πρέπει να ερμηνευθεί με τέτοιο τρόπο ώστε να εξασφαλίσει την αυτονομία της, αλλά και το πνεύμα δικαίου που περικλείει και τον μη επηρεασμό της, κατά την διαδικασία πλήρωσης των κενών της, από τα εκάστοτε εθνικά δίκαια.The purpose of this paper is to present the Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC 1976). The focus is mainly on the subjects and issues that arise from the limitation procedure. More specifically on the different ways used to limit maritime liability and the different consequences of each possible way. The LLMC Convention, unlike other conventions, provides that limitation of liability may be invoked either with, or without the construction of a fund. It also allows the state parties to provide in their national law that limitation of liability in respect of actions brought in the national courts to enforce a claim subject to limitation shall be subject to the establishment of a limitation fund. Therefore all the specific rules relating to both the constitution and the distribution of the fund are governed by the law of the state party in which the fund is constituted. With that being the case, it lies within the discretion of each state party’ s law to provide a legal background for the limitation procedure and the consequences that lie thereafter for the person on behalf of whom the fund was constituted and his creditors

ACETALDEHYDE OXIDATION CATALYZED BY ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE (CYANAMIDE, ALCOHOL, ETHANOL)

Two factors can affect the rate of acetaldehyde oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in rat liver: the rate of regeneration of NAD by the electron transport system and the level of ALDH activity in the cell. A respiration uncoupler did not affect the rate of acetaldehyde metabolism by liver slices, indicating that NADH re-oxidation was not rate-limiting. The possibility of ALDH activity being in excess was examined by treating rat liver slices and mitochondria with an irreversible inhibitor of ALDH, cyanamide, and then measuring the effect of this treatment on the rate of acetaldehyde metabolism. In as much as relatively little was known about the mechanism by which cyanamide inactivates the enzyme, the interaction of inhibitor and ALDH was partially characterized. Cyanamide at low concentrations (5 uM) required enzymatic conversion, probably by catalase, to a reactive derivative in order to inhibit ALDH activity. Data from protection experiments was consistent with cyanamide binding to the same site on ALDH as does the aldehyde substrate. Since affinity-purified ALDH, free of measurable catalase activity, was inactivated by high concentrations (185 uM) of cyanamide, an alternate pathway for ALDH inactivation may exist. A small number of rats were encountered whose mitochondrial low-Km ALDH was not inactivated by low concentrations of cyanamide. This resistance to cyanamide inhibition was apparently due to the presence of different ALDH isozymes. Inhibition of low-K(,m) ALDH activity in liver slices or liver mitochondria by cyanamide caused a decrease in the rate of acetaldehyde metabolism, indicating that no excess of low-K(,m) ALDH existed. It was also established that low-K(,m) ALDH activity was rate-limiting for acetaldehyde oxidation during concomitant ethanol oxidation by the liver slice. Approximately 40% of the metabolism of 200 uM acetaldehyde did not involve low K(,m) ALDH was capable of catalyzing almost half of this residual acetaldehyde metabolism. Formation of acetaldehyde-protein adducts could account for some of the acetaldehyde disappearance, and the present data is consistent with acetaldehyde primarily binding to cytosolic constituents