319 research outputs found
Deep learning systems as complex networks
Thanks to the availability of large scale digital datasets and massive
amounts of computational power, deep learning algorithms can learn
representations of data by exploiting multiple levels of abstraction. These
machine learning methods have greatly improved the state-of-the-art in many
challenging cognitive tasks, such as visual object recognition, speech
processing, natural language understanding and automatic translation. In
particular, one class of deep learning models, known as deep belief networks,
can discover intricate statistical structure in large data sets in a completely
unsupervised fashion, by learning a generative model of the data using
Hebbian-like learning mechanisms. Although these self-organizing systems can be
conveniently formalized within the framework of statistical mechanics, their
internal functioning remains opaque, because their emergent dynamics cannot be
solved analytically. In this article we propose to study deep belief networks
using techniques commonly employed in the study of complex networks, in order
to gain some insights into the structural and functional properties of the
computational graph resulting from the learning process.Comment: 20 pages, 9 figure
Growth or Reproduction: Emergence of an Evolutionary Optimal Strategy
Modern ecology has re-emphasized the need for a quantitative understanding of
the original 'survival of the fittest theme' based on analyzis of the intricate
trade-offs between competing evolutionary strategies that characterize the
evolution of life. This is key to the understanding of species coexistence and
ecosystem diversity under the omnipresent constraint of limited resources. In
this work we propose an agent based model replicating a community of
interacting individuals, e.g. plants in a forest, where all are competing for
the same finite amount of resources and each competitor is characterized by a
specific growth-reproduction strategy. We show that such an evolution dynamics
drives the system towards a stationary state characterized by an emergent
optimal strategy, which in turn depends on the amount of available resources
the ecosystem can rely on. We find that the share of resources used by
individuals is power-law distributed with an exponent directly related to the
optimal strategy. The model can be further generalized to devise optimal
strategies in social and economical interacting systems dynamics.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure
Species survival and scaling laws in hostile and disordered environments
In this work we study the likelihood of survival of single-species in the
context of hostile and disordered environments. Population dynamics in this
environment, as modeled by the Fisher equation, is characterized by negative
average growth rate, except in some random spatially distributed patches that
may support life. In particular, we are interested in the phase diagram of the
survival probability and in the critical size problem, i.e., the minimum patch
size required for surviving in the long time dynamics. We propose a measure for
the critical patch size as being proportional to the participation ratio (PR)
of the eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue of the linearized
Fisher dynamics. We obtain the (extinction-survival) phase diagram and the
probability distribution function (PDF) of the critical patch sizes for two
topologies, namely, the one-dimensional system and the fractal Peano basin. We
show that both topologies share the same qualitative features, but the fractal
topology requires higher spatial fluctuations to guarantee species survival. We
perform a finite-size scaling and we obtain the associated scaling exponents.
In addition, we show that the PDF of the critical patch sizes has an universal
shape for the 1D case in terms of the model parameters (diffusion, growth rate,
etc.). In contrast, the diffusion coefficient has a drastic effect on the PDF
of the critical patch sizes of the fractal Peano basin, and it does not obey
the same scaling law of the 1D case.Comment: 20 pages, 5 Figure
Neutral dynamics with environmental noise: age-size statistics and species lifetimes
Neutral dynamics, where taxa are assumed to be demographically equivalent and
their abundance is governed solely by the stochasticity of the underlying
birth-death process, has proved itself as an important minimal model that
accounts for many empirical datasets in genetics and ecology. However, the
restriction of the model to demographic [] noise yields
relatively slow dynamics that appears to be in conflict with both short-term
and long-term characteristics of the observed systems. Here we analyze two of
these problems - age size relationships and species extinction time - in the
framework of a neutral theory with both demographic and environmental
stochasticity. It turns out that environmentally induced variations of the
demographic rates control the long-term dynamics and modify dramatically the
predictions of the neutral theory with demographic noise only, yielding much
better agreement with empirical data. We consider two prototypes of "zero mean"
environmental noise, one which is balanced with regard to the arithmetic
abundance, another balanced in the logarithmic (fitness) space, study their
species lifetime statistics and discuss their relevance to realistic models of
community dynamics
Virtual water controlled demographic growth of nations
Population growth is in general constrained by food production, which in turn
depends on the access to water resources. At a country level, some populations
use more water than they control because of their ability to import food and
the virtual water required for its production. Here, we investigate the
dependence of demographic growth on available water resources for exporting and
importing nations. By quantifying the carrying capacity of nations based on
calculations of the virtual water available through the food trade network, we
point to the existence of a global water unbalance. We suggest that current
export rates will not be maintained and consequently we question the long-run
sustainability of the food trade system as a whole. Water rich regions are
likely to soon reduce the amount of virtual water they export, thus leaving
import-dependent regions without enough water to sustain their populations. We
also investigate the potential impact of possible scenarios that might mitigate
these effects through (1) cooperative interactions among nations whereby water
rich countries maintain a tiny fraction of their food production available for
export; (2) changes in consumption patterns; and (3) a positive feedback
between demographic growth and technological innovations. We find that these
strategies may indeed reduce the vulnerability of water-controlled societies.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figure
Reconciling cooperation, biodiversity and stability in complex ecological communities
Empirical observations show that ecological communities can have a huge
number of coexisting species, also with few or limited number of resources.
These ecosystems are characterized by multiple type of interactions, in
particular displaying cooperative behaviors. However, standard modeling of
population dynamics based on Lotka-Volterra type of equations predicts that
ecosystem stability should decrease as the number of species in the community
increases and that cooperative systems are less stable than communities with
only competitive and/or exploitative interactions. Here we propose a stochastic
model of population dynamics, which includes exploitative interactions as well
as cooperative interactions induced by cross-feeding. The model is exactly
solved and we obtain results for relevant macro-ecological patterns, such as
species abundance distributions and correlation functions. In the large system
size limit, any number of species can coexist for a very general class of
interaction networks and stability increases as the number of species grows.
For pure mutualistic/commensalistic interactions we determine the topological
properties of the network that guarantee species coexistence. We also show that
the stationary state is globally stable and that inferring species interactions
through species abundance correlation analysis may be misleading. Our
theoretical approach thus show that appropriate models of cooperation naturally
leads to a solution of the long-standing question about complexity-stability
paradox and on how highly biodiverse communities can coexist.Comment: 25 pages, 10 figure
A network model of conviction-driven social segregation
In order to measure, predict, and prevent social segregation, it is necessary
to understand the factors that cause it. While in most available descriptions
space plays an essential role, one outstanding question is whether and how this
phenomenon is possible in a well-mixed social network. We define and solve a
simple model of segregation on networks based on discrete convictions. In our
model, space does not play a role, and individuals never change their
conviction, but they may choose to connect socially to other individuals based
on two criteria: sharing the same conviction, and individual popularity
(regardless of conviction). The trade-off between these two moves defines a
parameter, analogous to the "tolerance" parameter in classical models of
spatial segregation. We show numerically and analytically that this parameter
determines a true phase transition (somewhat reminiscent of phase separation in
a binary mixture) between a well-mixed and a segregated state. Additionally,
minority convictions segregate faster and inter-specific aversion alone may
lead to a segregation threshold with similar properties. Together, our results
highlight the general principle that a segregation transition is possible in
absence of spatial degrees of freedom, provided that conviction-based rewiring
occurs on the same time scale of popularity rewirings.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figure
Cooperation, competition and the emergence of criticality in communities of adaptive systems
The hypothesis that living systems can benefit from operating at the vicinity
of critical points has gained momentum in recent years. Criticality may confer
an optimal balance between exceedingly ordered and too noisy states. We here
present a model, based on information theory and statistical mechanics,
illustrating how and why a community of agents aimed at understanding and
communicating with each other converges to a globally coherent state in which
all individuals are close to an internal critical state, i.e. at the borderline
between order and disorder. We study --both analytically and computationally--
the circumstances under which criticality is the best possible outcome of the
dynamical process, confirming the convergence to critical points under very
generic conditions. Finally, we analyze the effect of cooperation (agents try
to enhance not only their fitness, but also that of other individuals) and
competition (agents try to improve their own fitness and to diminish those of
competitors) within our setting. The conclusion is that, while competition
fosters criticality, cooperation hinders it and can lead to more ordered or
more disordered consensual solutions.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figures. Supplementary Material: 8 page
Stochastic modeling of soil salinity
A minimalist stochastic model of primary soil salinity is proposed, in which the rate of soil salinization is determined by the balance between dry and wet salt deposition and the intermittent leaching events caused by rainfall events. The long term probability density functions of salt mass and concentration are found by reducing the coupled soil moisture and salt mass balance equation to a single stochastic differential equation driven by multiplicative Poisson noise. The novel analytical solutions provide insight on the interplay of the main soil, plant and climate parameters responsible for long-term soil salinization. In particular, they show the existence of two distinct regimes, one where the mean salt mass remains nearly constant (or decreases) with increasing rainfall frequency, and another where mean salt content increases markedly with increasing rainfall frequency. As a result, relatively small reductions of rainfall in drier climates may entail dramatic shifts in long-term soil salinization trends, with significant consequences e.g. for climate change impacts on rain-fed agricultur
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