The British Empire and the Early Cold War: A Comparison of Hong Kong and Cyprus

This thesis seeks to re‐define the Cold War as first and foremost a conflict of imperialisms and to identify how it was fought on the ground. It does so by identifying and comparing British policies in two geostrategic colonies, Hong Kong (1938‐1952) and Cyprus (1941‐1955), where there operated two of what policymakers considered to be the British Empire’s most critical communist threats: the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Progressive Party of Working People (AKEL). The thesis examines the motivations and actions of British colonial policymakers, as they attempted to recover Britain’s great power status and imperial prestige, against the challenges of international anti‐colonialism, colonial nationalisms, and, above all, the seemingly coordinated efforts of colonial, national, and transnational communist movements to undermine the British Empire. This British revisionist study argues that British imperialism (as well as that of the Soviet Union) started, defined the nature of, and was transformed in response to the Cold War

Performance, Scalability, and Robustness in Distributed File Tree Copy

As storage needs continually increase, and network file systems become more common, the need arises for tools that efficiently copy to and from these types of file systems. Traditional copy tools like the Linux cp utility were originally created for traditional storage systems, where storage is managed by a single host machine. cp uses a single-threaded approach to copying files. Using a multi-threaded approach would likely not provide an advantage in this system since the disk accesses are the bottleneck for this type of operation. In a distributed file system the disk accesses are spread across multiple hosts, and many accesses can be served simultaneously. Volumes in a distributed file system still look like a single storage device to the operating system of a client machine, so traditional tools like cp can still be used, but they cannot take advantage of the performance increase offered by a distributed, multi-node approach. While some research has been done in this area and some tools have been created there are still shortcomings in the area, particularly when it comes to scalability and robustness to process failure. The research presented here attempts to adress these shortcomings. The software created in this project was tested in a variety of enviornments and compared to other other tools that have attempted to make improvements in these areas. In the area of scalability, this software performed well from a small cluster to large high-performance-computing cluster. In comparisons to other tools, the performance was comparable to or better than the other tools measured. The unique contribution of this project is in the area of robustness, which other tools have not attempted to address. The software allows the use to specify a minimum number of processes that can fail without losing progress or requiring a restart of the copy job. This means process death can be tolerated, or resources can be diverted after the start of the copy job. This is especially helpful in very large, long-running jobs. Many clusters are made with low-cost, consumer-grade hardware which is susceptible to failure. A study entitled Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population [2], published in the proceedings of the USENIX FAST\u2707 conference, looked at the failure rate of disk drives across Google\u27s various services. It found that a large number of drives fail within a few years. Drive failure rate was somewhat high within the first few months, weeding out the lower quality drives, but at the two and three year mark as many as eight percent of drives failed per year. This high rate shows the importance of software like this that can tolerate these types of failures

Wear modelling of diamond-like carbon coatings against steel in deionised water

Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) coatings are thin protective surface coatings used to reduce friction and minimise wear in a wide range of applications. The focus of this work is the use of DLC coatings within Rolls-Royce’s pressurised water reactors. A strong understanding of material behaviour in this environment is compulsory due to the stringent safety requirements of the nuclear industry. Wear testing of a range of commercial DLC coatings against steel in water, and the dependence of the tribology on normal load, sliding distance, and environmental species, was examined. Wear depth was observed to increase with normal load, and increase non-linearly with sliding distance. Uniquely, it was suggested that the tribology of a DLC coating in water was controlled by the velocity accommodation mode (VAM) of the transfer layer. When interfacial sliding was the dominant VAM, the carbonaceous transfer layer was present at all times, and a low specific wear rate was observed. When shear and recirculation of debris was the dominant VAM, the carbonaceous transfer layer initially present was replaced by iron oxide species, and a high specific wear rate was observed as a result of a three-body mechanism involving hematite.Two individual wear models were developed to predict the wear depth of a DLC coating sliding against steel in water. Each model represents a novel extension to the current literature regarding the modelling of wear. Firstly, an analytical differential equation was derived to predict the wear depth of a ball and a flat surface, in relation to any phenomenological law for wear volume. Secondly, a unique formulation of an incremental wear model for an arbitrary geometry was developed for a DLC coating which included the growth of a transfer layer. An efficient methodology was presented to allow fast integration of the equations whilst damping numerical instabilities. A comparison between the analytic and computational wear models showed a strong agreement in the model predictions, with a comparative error of less than 5%

Improving Frequency of Hand Hygiene Education from Providers to Patients

Hand hygiene compliance is one of the most simplest forms of preventing infection. This paper focuses on improving the frequency and standardizing hand hygiene education to patients delivered by health care professionals from a primary care clinic. The ambulatory suburban community clinic in Oakland primarily serves the underserved population. The target population are the following providers: Physicians, Physician Assistants, Nurse Practitioners, Registered Nurse, Licensed Practical Nurse, and Medical Assistants. A survey was adapted from evidence-based studies, WHO, and CDC to collect data on current hand hygiene education provided to patients from healthcare professionals. An additional survey was given to patients to assess baseline hand hygiene compliance and education that was provided by their health care providers. An educational tool was created for Physicians, Physician Assistants, Nurse Practitioners, Registered Nurse, Licensed Practical Nurse, Medical Assistants and Nursing Students to have available during patient calls to promote standardized hand hygiene education. Eighteen of 38 providers responded to surveys. Of those 18, 61.1% of health care providers stated hand hygiene education was not at all provided to their patients. The results called for standardizing hand hygiene education to be implemented using the educational tool four weeks to test effectiveness. Due to the competing demands of staff involvement during the COVID-19 transition, the clinical staff did not buy-in. For the implementation tool to take place, we recommended that future nursing students pilot the study by using the hand hygiene educational tool in person to test effectiveness. After the implementation of the educational tool during patient appointments, we would like to see an 20% increase of healthcare professionals providing hand hygiene education

Nonequilibrium Stagnation-Line Radiative Heating for Fire II

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the shock-layer radiative heating to the Fire II vehicle using a new air radiation model and a viscous shock-layer flowfield model. This new air radiation model contains the most up-to-date properties for modeling the atomic-line, atomic photoionization, molecular band, and non-Boltzmann processes. The applied viscous shock-layer flowfield analysis contains the same thermophysical properties and nonequilibrium models as the LAURA Navier-Stokes code. Radiation-flowfield coupling, or radiation cooling, is accounted for in detail in this study. It is shown to reduce the radiative heating by about 30% for the peak radiative heating points, while reducing the convective heating only slightly. A detailed review of past Fire II radiative heating studies is presented. It is observed that the scatter in the radiation predicted by these past studies is mostly a result of the different flowfield chemistry models and the treatment of the electronic state populations. The present predictions provide, on average throughout the trajectory, a better comparison with Fire II flight data than any previous study. The magnitude of the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) contribution to the radiative flux is estimated from the calorimeter measurements. This is achieved using the radiometer measurements and the predicted convective heating. The VUV radiation predicted by the present model agrees well with the VUV contribution inferred from the Fire II calorimeter measurement, although only when radiation-flowfield coupling is accounted for. This agreement provides evidence that the present model accurately models the VUV radiation, which is shown to contribute significantly to the Fire II radiative heating

A sleep hygiene tool for children with developmental disabilities

This is the accepted manuscript for "Sutton, J., Huws, J., & Burton, C. (2020). A sleep intervention for children with developmental disabilities. Nursing Times (online); 117(1), 32-36." it is not the final, published version of the article. The final version can be accessed at: https://www.nursingtimes.net/roles/health-visitors/a-sleep-hygiene-tool-for-children-with-developmental-disabilities-01-12-2020/This article describes a co-design study to develop a sleep hygiene education tool for children with developmental disabilities and behavioural sleep problems. The tool is underpinned by a programme theory, which explains how sleep hygiene education should work to improve children’s sleep. In three co-design workshops, eight parents and six practitioners debated a preliminary sleep hygiene education tool, using themes developed from an earlier evidence review and exploratory study into parent and practitioner experiences of sleep hygiene education. This participatory research established stakeholder acceptability of the SHE tool and confirmed the often-hidden contextual factors that can help or hinder its success, informing the underpinning programme theory

Relationships between Nighttime Imagery and Population Density for Hong Kong

Nighttime imagery is an unusual remote sensing data source that offers capabilities to represent human activities on the Earth’s surface through the observation of artificial lighting at night. Previous analyses of images of the earth at night derived from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) have revealed a striking correlation between city-lights and human population density. Nighttime light photographs taken by astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) may have the potential of offering more sophisticated representations of population density with finer spatial and spectral resolution than the DMSP-OLS imagery. The objective of this study is to analyze and map the relationships between the city lights of Hong Kong, China, and representations of population and population density, through comparing two types of nighttime imagery (DMSP-OLS satellite image and ISS photograph) to census population and population density derived from the LandScan population dataset

Recreational Activity and Place Meaning

Abstract Although past research has documented the association between the types of activities an individual undertakes in a particular setting and the intensity of attachment that they hold for that place, little work has investigated the connection between activity type and place meaning. This lack of empirical evidence is most likely due to the fact that most place meaning studies have sought to describe the thoughts and feelings individuals ascribe to a place rather than to understand the relationships involved in meaning formation. Using data collected from a survey of recreational visitors to Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, this investigation attempted to identify the connections between individuals’ type of activity participation and the meanings they ascribed to the setting in which they recreated. Results indicated that, after controlling for visitation frequency, the importance of certain meanings to the individual does vary between activity types

High Quality Acoustic Time History Measurements of Rotor Harmonic Noise in Confined Spaces

A methodology has been developed and presented to enable the use of small to medium scale acoustic hover facilities for the quantitative measurement of rotor impulsive noise. The methodology was applied to the University of Maryland Acoustic Chamber resulting in accurate measurements of High Speed Impulsive (HSI) noise for rotors running at tip Mach numbers between 0.65 and 0.85 – with accuracy increasing as the tip Mach number was increased. Several factors contributed to the success of this methodology including: • High Speed Impulsive (HSI) noise is characterized by very distinct pulses radiated from the rotor. The pulses radiate high frequency energy – but the energy is contained in short duration time pulses. • The first reflections from these pulses can be tracked (using ray theory) and, through adjustment of the microphone position and suitably applied acoustic treatment at the reflected surface, reduced to small levels. A computer code was developed that automates this process. The code also tracks first bounce reflection timing, making it possible to position the first bounce reflections outside of a measurement window. • Using a rotor with a small number of blades (preferably one) reduces the number of interfering first bounce reflections and generally improves the measured signal fidelity. The methodology will help the gathering of quantitative hovering rotor noise data in less than optimal acoustic facilities and thus enable basic rotorcraft research and rotor blade acoustic design

Shock Layer Radiation Modeling and Uncertainty for Mars Entry

A model for simulating nonequilibrium radiation from Mars entry shock layers is presented. A new chemical kinetic rate model is developed that provides good agreement with recent EAST and X2 shock tube radiation measurements. This model includes a CO dissociation rate that is a factor of 13 larger than the rate used widely in previous models. Uncertainties in the proposed rates are assessed along with uncertainties in translational-vibrational relaxation modeling parameters. The stagnation point radiative flux uncertainty due to these flowfield modeling parameter uncertainties is computed to vary from 50 to 200% for a range of free-stream conditions, with densities ranging from 5e-5 to 5e-4 kg/m3 and velocities ranging from of 6.3 to 7.7 km/s. These conditions cover the range of anticipated peak radiative heating conditions for proposed hypersonic inflatable aerodynamic decelerators (HIADs). Modeling parameters for the radiative spectrum are compiled along with a non-Boltzmann rate model for the dominant radiating molecules, CO, CN, and C2. A method for treating non-local absorption in the non-Boltzmann model is developed, which is shown to result in up to a 50% increase in the radiative flux through absorption by the CO 4th Positive band. The sensitivity of the radiative flux to the radiation modeling parameters is presented and the uncertainty for each parameter is assessed. The stagnation point radiative flux uncertainty due to these radiation modeling parameter uncertainties is computed to vary from 18 to 167% for the considered range of free-stream conditions. The total radiative flux uncertainty is computed as the root sum square of the flowfield and radiation parametric uncertainties, which results in total uncertainties ranging from 50 to 260%. The main contributors to these significant uncertainties are the CO dissociation rate and the CO heavy-particle excitation rates. Applying the baseline flowfield and radiation models developed in this work, the radiative heating for the Mars Pathfinder probe is predicted to be nearly 20 W/cm2. In contrast to previous studies, this value is shown to be significant relative to the convective heating