You’ve Got Time: Occupational Therapy’s Role in the Juvenile Justice System

Primary Focus: Children and Youth Learning Objectives: State one economic and two population health implications of juvenile incarceration in the United States. Identify two occupation-based interventions implemented in the juvenile justice system. Recognize two areas of opportunity for occupational therapy intervention in the juvenile justice system to promote occupational justice and reduce recidivism. Abstract: This is an introductory level presentation for occupational therapists (OTs), occupational therapy assistants, and students intended to provide insight to areas of opportunity for OT intervention to reduce recidivism in the juvenile justice system. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to answer the question: What is the evidence to support the effectiveness of interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice to prevent recidivism of juvenile offenders? There is a high rate of recidivism in Pennsylvania; 20% of juvenile offenders in Pennsylvania were reincarcerated within two years of their case closure in 2007 (Fowler, Anderson, Bender, & Green, 2013). Juvenile correctional facilities can encourage youth to continue to engage in delinquent behaviors (Holman & Zeidenberg, 2006). Although interventions within the scope of OT exist in the juvenile justice system, there are few OTs working in this practice area. Research articles were drawn from five databases: PubMed, CINAHL, PsychINFO, OT Seeker, and OT Search. Headings/key terms included in our search were (P) variations of juvenile/adolescent offenders, ex offenders (I) variations of interventions included in the scope of OT (O) variations of recidivism, re-incarceration. The search was confined to peer reviewed, full-text studies published in English from 2006 and later. Criterion for the inclusion of studies were: individuals 21 and under who have previously been detained and/or incarcerated, participated in interventions within the scope of OT practice during or after their incarceration, and prevention of re-incarceration as an outcome. This method yielded 18 studies for inclusion. Articles were critiqued with Law & McDermott’s Critical Review Form for Quantitative Studies and Quality of an Intervention Study, as well as the AOTA Guidelines for Systematic Reviews (American Occupational Therapy Association, 2015; Law & McDermott, 2012). There is moderate to mixed evidence for interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice to recidivism. Four themes emerged regarding interventions: talk therapy, location of services, involvement of family, and life skills and occupation-based intervention. This systematic review did not yield any articles specifically from the OT literature, implicating the need for OTs to practice in this emerging area and conduct research demonstrating efficacy of occupation-based interventions. References American Occupational Therapy Association. (2015). Guidelines for Systematic Reviews. Retrieved from http://ajot.submit2aota.org/journals/ajot/forms/systematic_reviews.pdf Fowler, J., Anderson, R., Bender, L., & Green, T. (2013). Juvenile Court Judges’ Commision. The Pennsylvania Juvenile Justice Recidivism Report: Juveniles with a 2007 Case Closure. Retrieved from: http://www.jcjc.pa.gov/Publications/Documents/Recidivism/Pennsylvania%20Recidivism%20Report_Juveniles%20with%20Cases%20Closed%20in%202007-2010.pdf Holman, B., & Zeidenberg, J. (2006). Dangers of detention: The impact of incarcerating youth in detention and other secure facilities. Retrieved from http://www.justicepolicy.org/research/1947 Law, M. C., & McDermott, J. (2012). Evidence-based rehabilitation: A guide to practice. Thorofare, NJ: Slack. Presentation: 42:4

Building the layers of a manufacturing taxonomy: how 3D printing is creating a new landscape of production eco-systems and competitive dynamics

Recent innovations in 3D printing technologies and processes have influenced how products are designed, built and delivered. However, there is a significant gap in our knowledge of how 3D printing is impacting on manufacturing eco-systems and competitive dynamics in different industries and contexts. Basing our analysis on systematic review of organisations, we develop a taxonomy capable of explaining the many areas the technology can impact. We based our taxonomy on Pavitt’s identification of industry types, but extended this with Castellacci’s more recent service-manufacturing sectors which includes external sources and more open business models (Castellacci, 2008; Pavitt, 1984). We populate the model with cases and industry exemplars showing the wide extent of the applications of 3D printing within the different sectors, the novel disruption happening in existing market structures, and the implications for both firms and their customers. In addition to offering a comprehensive framework for plotting and comparing the impact of 3D printing, we emphasise the role of users in co-creation and personalisation and how this varies according to the level of use of 3D printing at different stages between end products and various types of manufacturing rstrategies. While 3D printing has been touted as disruptive, we suggest that a new taxonomy offers an additional understanding to appreciate the ways firms can operate in a 3D printing context

Environments, Externalities and Ethics: Compulsory Multinational and Transnational Corporate Bonding to Promote Accountability for Externalization of Environmental Harm

Developing nations often look to their bounty of natural resources or willing labor as a means of attracting international investors. While national and local governments frequently perceive the arrival of a multinational corporate presence as a boon to their economy, the potential for government instability ineffectiveness or corruption may facilitate environmentally exploitive corporate practices. Furthermore, residents of the subject nation may be left without proper legal recourse. Legislators have made various efforts in both the United States and abroad to propound Corporate Codes of Conduct to address such concerns, but despite laudable intentions, features of the increasingly global economy accentuate the diffculties of relying upon law as an external constraint to correctly structure the corporate relationship. Furthermore, absent an international sovereign, national taxing authorities are often impotent to effectively tax corporations to raise money for social welfare or environmental protection efforts, and the law is often insufficient to provide redress once the damage is done. Both American and alien litigants have sought to utilize the Alien Tort Statute ( ATS\u27) (or Alien Tort Claims Act ( ATCA )) to address instances of corporate malfeasance, though the ATS has not yet proven an effective remedy capable ofsanctioning multinational corporations for their illegal or unethical behavior As voluntary codes of business ethics and United Nations guidelines have also proven ineffective, the United States must develop or support a legal regime capable of providing an effective civil or criminal remedy to the victims of illegal or unethical corporate activity

Environments, Externalities and Ethics: Compulsory Multinational and Transnational Corporate Bonding to Promote Accountability for Externalization of Environmental Harm

Developing nations often look to their bounty of natural resources or willing labor as a means of attracting international investors. While national and local governments frequently perceive the arrival of a multinational corporate presence as a boon to their economy, the potential for government instability ineffectiveness or corruption may facilitate environmentally exploitive corporate practices. Furthermore, residents of the subject nation may be left without proper legal recourse. Legislators have made various efforts in both the United States and abroad to propound Corporate Codes of Conduct to address such concerns, but despite laudable intentions, features of the increasingly global economy accentuate the diffculties of relying upon law as an external constraint to correctly structure the corporate relationship. Furthermore, absent an international sovereign, national taxing authorities are often impotent to effectively tax corporations to raise money for social welfare or environmental protection efforts, and the law is often insufficient to provide redress once the damage is done. Both American and alien litigants have sought to utilize the Alien Tort Statute ( ATS\u27) (or Alien Tort Claims Act ( ATCA )) to address instances of corporate malfeasance, though the ATS has not yet proven an effective remedy capable ofsanctioning multinational corporations for their illegal or unethical behavior As voluntary codes of business ethics and United Nations guidelines have also proven ineffective, the United States must develop or support a legal regime capable of providing an effective civil or criminal remedy to the victims of illegal or unethical corporate activity