Callus Induction and Plant Regeneration of Brachiaria Grass from Immature Inflorescence Explants

This research was aimed to optimize concentration of phytohormone in callus induction and in vitro regeneration of three species of Brachiaria grass plant, namely Brachiaria brizantha, B. decumbens, and B. ruziziensis. Immature inflorescences were used as explant material. To induce callus, explants were inoculated into Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with phytohormone combination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), dicamba and kinetin. Observation of callus induction included percentage of callus formation and callus morphology. The embryogenic calli were then transferred into regeneration media, i.e. MS basal medium supplemented with kinetin and 6-benzylaminopurin (BAP). The result showed that 4 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.2 mg/L kinetin showed highest callus induction in B. brizantha and B. decumbens, namely  76%  and 88% respectively. Whereas in B. ruziziensis, 3 mg/L 2,4-D + 0.2 mg/L kinetin showed highest callus induction, namely 86%. MS medium supplemented with 4 mg/L kinetin showed highest regeneration in all three grass species, namely 92.5% in both B. brizantha and B. ruziziensis, and 88.75% in B. decumbens

Effect of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on Yield and Quality of Synedrella nodiflora (Tropical Weed)

This study aimed to determine the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the cultivation of tropical weed Synedrella nodiflora as forage. The study was conducted from May to July 2018. The treatments of the research were control (C), organic fertilizer (D) and organic fertilizer + urea (DU), with 3 replications that were arranged on experimental design with a completely randomized design, in a unidirectional pattern and continued with least significant different (LSD). Organic fertilizer dosage in this study was 5 tons/ha, while urea fertilizer was 350 kg/ha, with plant spacing was 45x60 cm. The observed parameters were plant height, forage production and chemical composition (5 weeks after planting). Plant height of C, D and DU were 41.59, 47,42, and 50.59 cm respectively. Forage production of dry matter after 5 weeks planting at C, D and DU were 1.69, 1.70 and 2.91ton/ha, with in vitro digestibility values ranging from 51.68 to 57.70% (IVDMD) and 51.71 to 61.98% (OMD) respectively. The chemical composition of native S. Nodiflora were 12.32% of dry matter (DM), 62.45% TDN count for cattle and 67.42% TDN count for sheep. Based on DM, The organic matter was 84.46%, crude protein 20,11%, crude fiber 13.26%, extract ether 7.77%, and nitrogen free extract 37.08%. The combination of organic fertilizer and urea increased the height and fresh and dry matter production S. nodiflora

Productivity of Forages in Grassland Merapi Post-Eruption Area, Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

This research aimed to investigate the productivity and quality of forages (including dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, crude protein, and extract ether) in the area of Kali Kuning and Krasak River. This area was affected by Mount Merapi Eruption on 2010. The data were taken from the area around the river due to the area was found to be firstly revegetated after the eruption. The Forage classified as grass, legume and forbs. The method applied in the research was Line Intercept method which was done by seeing the botanical composition there and was performed at several observation points. The forage was taken as the sample and then calculated its production and proximately analyzed to determine its chemical composition. The results showed that around the river, the widest cover area in 2013 and 2014 was Brachiariabrizantha grasses. The largest dry matter production in 2013 was Pennisetumpurpuphoides as much as 165.57 g m–2, while in 2014 the largest production of DM was Brachiariabrizantha as much as 190.37 g m–2. Frobs with another type of weed also spread in this area. The Quality of forages around Krasak River increased in 2014 due to the addition of organic matter contained in the soil and the minerals weathering from year to year

STUDY FOR DOMINANCE AND NUTRITION OF WEEDS AS FEED IN VARIOUS CROP LAND IN YOGYAKARTA

The study aimed to determine the dominant species and nutrient content of weeds as feed on a variety of agricultural land in Yogyakarta. Observations were done on of paddy fields,corn,beans and vacant land of Pakem upperland area (621 m asl), as well as paddy fields, chili and vacant land Samas lowland area (10 m asl), three area each. The research was conducted in September-October 2015. The observations was done include measurement of dominance, plant identification and quality of weed. Dominance of weed was measured by using line intercept transect technique. Sample weed identification and quality examination (proximate) was done at the Laboratory of Forage and Pasture Science, Faculty of Animal Science UGM. Results showed that dominant of weeds in the lowland for shrub type were Phyllantus amarus,Commelina benghalensis,Ludwigia octovalvis and Portulaca oleracea while the type of grass were Leptochlo achinensis, Eleusinei ndica, Cyperus compressus, Paspalumdistichum and Brahiariamutica Dominant of weeds in the upperland for shrub type were Ageratum conyzoides,Eclipta alba,Ludwigia octovalvis,Cleome rutidosperma and Portulaca oleracea for type of grass were Digitaria setigera,Eleusine indica,Cyperus iria,Echinochoa oryzides and Fimbristylismiliacea . Thus, found three dominant of weeds with quality of DM and OM respectively Ludwigia octovalvis (18,76%90,95%), Portulaca oleracea (8,09%76,70%) and Eulisine indica (20,67%88,38%)

Feeding Strategy of Ruminants and Its Potential Effect on Methane Emission Reduction

A study was conducted to determine the potential effect of Leucaena leucocephalain the diet with 3 levels 0%, 6%, 12% of ration on the population of rumen methanogenic bacteria of cattle and buffalo. Three each ruminally-fistulated (body weight 342 ± 66.93 kg) were used in this experiment. The amount of feed offered was 2.5% of live weight on DM basis. Rumen fluid was collected from each animal before feeding, after 17 days on feed. The rumen fluid was strained it through cheesecloth and stored in freezer prior to analysis. The samples were subjected to DNA extraction and amplification. Three universal primers were used to detect methanogenic bacteria, which had more than one band, ranging from 500 bp and 1.4 kbp. The results indicated that the level of Leucaena leucocephala in the diets reduced the population of methanogenic rumen bacteria of the cattle and enhanced the Fibrobacter succinogenes. Thus, reduction of methane production increases rumen propionate since methane production is inversely proportional with propionate production. Leucaena leucocephala give many benefit e.g. for ruminant that will have a good impact in the term of ruminant nutrition and global environmental contribution through reducing methanogens in the rume

EMBRIOGENESIS SOMATIK DAN REGENERASI RUMPUT Brachiaria decumbens SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS AND REGENERATION OF Brachiaria decumbens GRASS

Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimasi konsentrasi fitohormon pada kultur in vitro tanaman rumput pakan tropis Brachiaria decumbens. Bakal rangkaian bunga (immature inflorescence) digunakan sebagai bahan eksplan. Induksi kalus dilakukan dengan menempatkan eksplan pada medium basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) yang ditambah dengan kombinasi fitohormon 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4D), dicamba dan kinetin. Data pengamatan induksi kalus meliputi persentase pembentukan kalus dan morfologi kalus. Kalus yang embriogenik kemudian dipindah ke dalam medium regenerasi yang berupa medium basal MS ditambah dengan fitohormon kinetin dan 6-benzylaminopurin (BAP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi 2,4-D 4 mg/L + kinetin 0,2 mg/L menunjukkan konsentrasi optimal untuk induksi kalus yaitu 90 % pembentukan kalus embriogenik. Sedangkan untuk regenerasi, medium MS yang ditambah dengan 4 mg/L kinetin menunjukkan germinasi embrio somatik yang tertinggi yaitu 87 %. Kata kunci: Brachiaria decumbens, Rumput, Optimasi kultur, Embriogenesis somatik, Regeneras

Productivity of Forages in Grassland Merapi Post-Eruption Area,Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

This research was aimed to investigate the productivity and quality of forages (including dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, crude protein, and extract ether) in the area of Kali Kuning and Krasak River. This area was affected by Mount Merapi Eruption on 2010. The data were taken from the area around the river that was firstly revegetated after the eruption. The forage classified as grass, legume and forbs. The method applied in the research was Line Intercept method by observing the botanical composition there at several observation points. The forage was taken as the sample, then calculated the production, and proximately analyzed to determine its chemical composition. The results showed that around the river, the widest cover area in 2013 and 2014 was Brachiaria brizantha grasses. The highest dry matter in 2013 and 2014 was 165.57 gm–2 in Pennisetum purpuphoides and 190.37 gm–2 in Brachiaria brizantha, respectively. Forbs with another type of weed also spread in this area. The quality of forages around Krasak River increased in 2014 due to the addition of organic matter contained in the soil and the minerals weathering from year to yea