Invariant neural dynamics drive commands to control different movements.

It has been proposed that the nervous system has the capacity to generate a wide variety of movements because it reuses some invariant code. Previous work has identified that dynamics of neural population activity are similar during different movements, where dynamics refer to how the instantaneous spatial pattern of population activity changes in time. Here, we test whether invariant dynamics of neural populations are actually used to issue the commands that direct movement. Using a brain-machine interface (BMI) that transforms rhesus macaques motor-cortex activity into commands for a neuroprosthetic cursor, we discovered that the same command is issued with different neural-activity patterns in different movements. However, these different patterns were predictable, as we found that the transitions between activity patterns are governed by the same dynamics across movements. These invariant dynamics are low dimensional, and critically, they align with the BMI, so that they predict the specific component of neural activity that actually issues the next command. We introduce a model of optimal feedback control (OFC) that shows that invariant dynamics can help transform movement feedback into commands, reducing the input that the neural population needs to control movement. Altogether our results demonstrate that invariant dynamics drive commands to control a variety of movements and show how feedback can be integrated with invariant dynamics to issue generalizable commands

Humic acid from Shilajit – a physico-chemical and spectroscopic characterization

Shilajit is a blackish–brown exudation, consisting of organic substances, metal ions and minerals, from different formations, commonly found in the Himalayan region (1000–3000 m) from Nepal to Kashmir. Shilajit can also be collected throughout the mountain regions in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Bajkal, throughout Ural, Caucasus and Altai mountains also, at altitudes between 1000 to 5000 m. The major physiological action of shilajit has been attributed to the presence of bioactive dibenzo-α-pyrones together with humic and fulvic acids, which act as carrier molecules for the active ingredients. In this work, the aim was to extract humic acid from Shilajit from various sources and characterised these humic acids based on their physicochemical properties, elemental analysis, UV/Vis and FTIR spectra, X-ray diffraction pattern and DSC thermograms. The spectral features obtained from UV/Vis, FTIR, XRD and DSC studies for samples of different origins showed a distinct similarity amongst themselves and in comparison to soil humic acids. The surfactant properties of the extracted fulvic acids were investigated by determining the effect of increasing concentration on the surface tension of water. The study demonstrated that humic acids extracted from shilajit indeed possessed surfactant properties

A Review on Microcontroller based LPG Gas Leakage Detector

As we know, security has been major issue in today’s scenario. Accidents are on increasing day by day. Here, we are talking about those accidents that are being occurred due to combustible gases, i.e., LPG, CNG. Frequently we hear, explosion in cylinder of household and vehicles. Several people have been injured and some got dead. So we are making this project for security purpose that will detect combustible gases and alert candidates. Now a day’s, LPG Gas leakage detector’s comes in the market with the LPG sensor that only senses any gas leakage and sends a SMS to the emergency no. provided to it and alerts the user via audio or visual indications while we are on a project in which we are using a stepper motor also in addition to the normal LPG Gas leakage detectors which helps in turning off the switch when there an emergency in our absence. In this paper, we are reviewing on the use of LPG Gas leakage detector along with the stepper motor instead of using other simple Gas leakage detector. The sensor we are using here has excellent sensitivity combined with a quick response time. The sensor can also sense iso-butane, propane, LNG and cigarette smoke. The report consists of a background into the area of 8051 microcontroller and mobile communication, how they are interfaced to each other and AT commands set used in communication

A REVIEW ON IOT BASED HAZARDOUS GAS LEAKAGE DETECTION & CONTROLLING SYSTEM USING MICROCONTROLLER & GSM MODULE

The project is geared toward developing the protection of Home against Intruders, Gas Leak and hearth. In any of the on top of 3 cases anyone met whereas you're out of your home than the device sends SMS to the emergency no provided thereto. The report consists of a background into the realm of 8051 microcontroller and mobile communication, however they're interfaced to every different and AT commands set utilized in communication. Gas sensors area unit used during a big selection of applications within the fields of safety, health, instrumentation etc. Common examples area unit domestic/commercial alarms for explosive or deadly gases, or in automotive application as gas run detectors for LPG powered cars and exhausts detectors within any fuel powered truck/car. Such sensors, nowadays, area unit found conjointly in applications involving air internal control systems and pollution observance. Today’s sensors, whereas that includes a high sensitivity to a good gases selection, area unit terribly compact in size and have considerably reduced their power consumption to raised adapt to transportable solutions. Building a system with a gas sensing element isn't as straightforward because it may seem. Despite the sensing element can be treated, basically, as a resistance (which worth depends on gas concentration during air) the sensible implementation in a project ought to be done considering some style rules, particularly if the ultimate circuit may be a device to be utilized in a field wherever responsibility is powerful

A Review on Microcontroller based LPG Gas Leakage Detector

As we know, security has been major issue in today’s scenario. Accidents are on increasing day by day. Here, we are talking about those accidents that are being occurred due to combustible gases, i.e., LPG, CNG. Frequently we hear, explosion in cylinder of household and vehicles. Several people have been injured and some got dead. So we are making this project for security purpose that will detect combustible gases and alert candidates. Now a day’s, LPG Gas leakage detector’s comes in the market with the LPG sensor that only senses any gas leakage and sends a SMS to the emergency no. provided to it and alerts the user via audio or visual indications while we are on a project in which we are using a stepper motor also in addition to the normal LPG Gas leakage detectors which helps in turning off the switch when there an emergency in our absence. In this paper, we are reviewing on the use of LPG Gas leakage detector along with the stepper motor instead of using other simple Gas leakage detector. The sensor we are using here has excellent sensitivity combined with a quick response time. The sensor can also sense iso-butane, propane, LNG and cigarette smoke. The report consists of a background into the area of 8051 microcontroller and mobile communication, how they are interfaced to each other and AT commands set used in communication

Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma: a case report and review of literature

Background: Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CA-ex-PA) is extremely unusual in minor salivary glands of oral cavity. CA-ex-PA is a carcinomatous change as a primary or as a recurrence of pleomorphic adenoma. Objective: Due to resemblance of clinical symptoms of Ca ex PA and benign pleomorphic adenoma, it is mandatory for surgeons to keep high degree of clinical alertness, considering the peculiarity of this tumor. Case Report: 54-year-old male presented with swelling on left side in the pre-auricular region from the middle of zygomatic arch to mastoid process and from tragus of the ear up to angle of mandible. Fine needle aspiration cytology revealed a mixture of benign and malignant components. Total left parotidectomy with left radical neck dissection followed by reconstruction with cervicodeltopectoral flap was performed. Combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy were given to patient. Histologic examination and pre-operative fine needle aspiration cytology confirmed the diagnosis of Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CA-ex-PA). Two-year follow-up of patient showed no recurrence of the lesion. Conclusion: Due to the similarity in the clinical symptoms of CA-ex-PA and benign pleomorphic adenoma, it is vital that clinicians maintain a high degree of clinical vigilance, considering the oddity of this malignancy

A QCL model with integrated thermal and stark rollover mechanisms

There is a need for a model that accurately describes dynamics of a bound-to-continuum terahertz quantum cascade laser over its full range of operating temperatures and bias conditions. In this paper we propose a compact model which, through the inclusion of thermal and Stark effects, accurately reproduces the light-current characteristics of an exemplar bound-to-continuum terahertz quantum cascade laser. Through this model, we investigate the dynamics of this laser with a view to applications in high-speed free space communications