Holographic n-partite Information in Hyperscaling Violating Geometry

The $n$-partite information (nI) is formulated as a measure of multi-partite entanglement. Field theory computation revealed that the sign of nI is indefinite for $n\geq 3$, while holographic studies conjectured a sign property that holographic nI is non-negative/non-positive for even/odd $n$, with tripartite information (TI, $n=3$) proved. We investigate the aspects of nI with holographic duality. With a generically static bulk geometry, we give an alternate geometric proof that holographic TI for parallel disjoint boundary strips is non-positive, and illustrate that remarkably for larger $n$, the sign is indefinite. In hyperscaling violating geometry, we confirm the conjectured sign property for strips of equal length with equal separation distance, and self-consistently disprove this conjecture for $n>3$ with general configurations. Therefore, nI in field theories and holography exhibits compatibility except for $n=3$. We also discuss other properties of holographic nI with analytic computation: the monotonicity, linearity, relation to hyperscaling violating parameters, temperature and UV cutoff effects, and the physical implications. It is doubtful that nI is an effective measure of entanglement considering the indefinite sign, non-monotonicity, and quasi-linearity of its holographic dual. In this respect, we propose constraints on the multi-partite entanglement measures.Comment: 30 pages, 19 figure

Optimization of brewing conditions in epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) extraction from Jinxuan summer green tea by response surface methodology

The extraction conditions of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from Jinxuan summer green tea and antitumor activity against human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells of the green tea extracts were investigated. On the basis of a single factor experiment, Box-Behnken design and response surface methodology were employed to optimize the hot water extraction conditions. The optimal extraction conditions for EGCG were determined as: extraction temperature of 85 °C, extraction time of 34 min, water-tea ratio of 41 mL/g, a solution of pH 6, and extraction twice. Under these conditions, the experimental extraction yield value of EGCG was 33.82 mg/g, which was not significantly different in comparison to predicted values. The results indicated that the regression models were suitable for the EGCG extraction from Jinxuan summer green tea. The summer green tea extract prepared under the optimal conditions had a higher antitumor activity against human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells than the green tea extract made with traditional tea brewing method

A two-step lineage reprogramming strategy to generate functionally competent human hepatocytes from fibroblasts

Terminally differentiated cells can be generated by lineage reprogramming, which is, however, hindered by incomplete conversion with residual initial cell identity and partial functionality. Here, we demonstrate a new reprogramming strategy by mimicking the natural regeneration route, which permits generating expandable hepatic progenitor cells and functionally competent human hepatocytes. Fibroblasts were first induced into human hepatic progenitor-like cells (hHPLCs), which could robustly expand in vitro and efficiently engraft in vivo. Moreover, hHPLCs could be efficiently induced into mature human hepatocytes (hiHeps) in vitro, whose molecular identity highly resembles primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Most importantly, hiHeps could be generated in large quantity and were functionally competent to replace PHHs for drug-metabolism estimation, toxicity prediction and hepatitis B virus infection modeling. Our results highlight the advantages of the progenitor stage for successful lineage reprogramming. This strategy is promising for generating other mature human cell types by lineage reprogramming.</p

Acute rejection is associated with antibodies to non-Gal antigens in baboons using Gal-knockout pig kidneys

We transplanted kidneys from α1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GalT-KO) pigs into six baboons using two different immunosuppressive regimens, but most of the baboons died from severe acute humoral xenograft rejection. Circulating induced antibodies to non-Gal antigens were markedly elevated at rejection, which mediated strong complement-dependent cytotoxicity against GalT-KO porcine target cells. These data suggest that antibodies to non-Gal antigens will present an additional barrier to transplantation of organs from GalT-KO pigs to humans. © 2005 Nature Publishing Group

Synthesis and Characterization of Organic Dyes Containing Various Donors and Acceptors

New organic dyes comprising carbazole, iminodibenzyl, or phenothiazine moieties, respectively, as the electron donors, and cyanoacetic acid or acrylic acid moieties as the electron acceptors/anchoring groups were synthesized and characterized. The influence of heteroatoms on carbazole, iminodibenzyl and phenothiazine donors, and cyano-substitution on the acid acceptor is evidenced by spectral, electrochemical, photovoltaic experiments, and density functional theory calculations. The phenothiazine dyes show solar-energy-to-electricity conversion efficiency (η) of 3.46–5.53%, whereas carbazole and iminodibenzyl dyes show η of 2.43% and 3.49%, respectively

AgentBench: Evaluating LLMs as Agents

Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly smart and autonomous, targeting real-world pragmatic missions beyond traditional NLP tasks. As a result, there has been an urgent need to evaluate LLMs as agents on challenging tasks in interactive environments. We present AgentBench, a multi-dimensional evolving benchmark that currently consists of 8 distinct environments to assess LLM-as-Agent's reasoning and decision-making abilities in a multi-turn open-ended generation setting. Our extensive test over 27 API-based and open-sourced (OSS) LLMs shows that, while top commercial LLMs present a strong ability of acting as agents in complex environments, there is a significant disparity in performance between them and OSS competitors. We identify the typical reasons of failures in environments and LLMs, showing that poor long-term reasoning, decision-making, and instruction following abilities are the main obstacles for developing usable LLM agents. Training on code and high quality multi-turn alignment data could improve agent performance. Datasets, environments, and an integrated evaluation package for AgentBench are released at \url{https://github.com/THUDM/AgentBench}.Comment: 55 page

Genome-wide identification and analysis of heterotic loci in three maize hybrids

Heterosis, or hybrid vigour, is a predominant phenomenon in plant genetics, serving as the basis of crop hybrid breeding, but the causative loci and genes underlying heterosis remain unclear in many crops. Here, we present a large-scale genetic analysis using 5360 offsprings from three elite maize hybrids, which identifies 628 loci underlying 19 yield-related traits with relatively high mapping resolutions. Heterotic pattern investigations of the 628 loci show that numerous loci, mostly with complete–incomplete dominance (the major one) or overdominance effects (the secondary one) for heterozygous genotypes and nearly equal proportion of advantageous alleles from both parental lines, are the major causes of strong heterosis in these hybrids. Follow-up studies for 17 heterotic loci in an independent experiment using 2225 F2 individuals suggest most heterotic effects are roughly stable between environments with a small variation. Candidate gene analysis for one major heterotic locus (ub3) in maize implies that there may exist some common genes contributing to crop heterosis. These results provide a community resource for genetics studies in maize and new implications for heterosis in plants