346 research outputs found
Perioperative and oncological outcomes following minimally invasive versus open pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma
Background The outcomes of minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy have not been adequately compared with those of open pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We performed a metaâanalysis to compare the perioperative and oncological outcomes of these two pancreaticoduodenectomy procedures specifically in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Methods Before this study was initiated, a specific protocol was designed and has been registered in PROSEPRO (ID: CRD42020149438). Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were systematically searched for studies published between January 1994 and October 2019. Overall survival, disease-free survival, and time to commencing adjuvant chemotherapy were the primary endpoint measurements, whereas perioperative and short-term outcomes were the secondary endpoints.
Results The final analysis included 9 retrospective cohorts comprising 11,242 patients (1377 who underwent minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy and 9865 who underwent open pancreaticoduodenectomy). There were no significant differences in the patientsâ overall survival, operative time, postoperative complications, 30-day mortality, rate of vein resection, number of harvested lymph nodes, or rate of positive lymph nodes between the two approaches. However, disease free survival, time to starting adjuvant chemotherapy, length of hospital stay, and rate of negative margins in patients who underwent minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy showed improvements relative to those in patients who underwent open surgery.
Conclusions Minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy provides similar or even improved perioperative, short-term, and long-term oncological outcomes when compared with open pancreaticoduodenectomy for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Zhu Yong, Fanyuedu: Gemingshiqi de shentishi (Contre-lecture : une histoire du corps en périodes révolutionnaires),
Dans son ouvrage devenu classique, The Sociological Imagination, Charles Wright Mills soulignait que lâune des missions de la sociologie Ă©tait dâĂ©tablir une distinction entre les « difficultĂ©s personnelles » et les « problĂšmes publics » (1959, chapitre 1). Cette distinction, outil indispensable de « lâimagination sociologique », terme inventĂ© par Mills, est au cĆur de la recherche sociologique classique. Il arrive que les gens considĂšrent leurs vies comme des piĂšges dont ils ne peuvent sâĂ©cha..
Zhu Yong, Fanyuedu: Gemingshiqi de shentishi (Contre-lecture : une histoire du corps en périodes révolutionnaires),
Dans son ouvrage devenu classique, The Sociological Imagination, Charles Wright Mills soulignait que lâune des missions de la sociologie Ă©tait dâĂ©tablir une distinction entre les « difficultĂ©s personnelles » et les « problĂšmes publics » (1959, chapitre 1). Cette distinction, outil indispensable de « lâimagination sociologique », terme inventĂ© par Mills, est au cĆur de la recherche sociologique classique. Il arrive que les gens considĂšrent leurs vies comme des piĂšges dont ils ne peuvent sâĂ©cha..
Zhu Yong, Fanyuedu: Gemingshiqi de shentishi (CounterReading: A History of the Body in Revolutionary Times),
Charles Wright Mills indicated in his classic book The Sociological Imagination that one of sociologyâs assignments is to distinguish âpersonal troublesâ from âpublic issuesâ (1959, Chapter 1). This distinction is an essential tool of the sociological imagination, which is a term that Mills invented, and a feature of all classic work in social science. People might consider their lives traps that they cannot escape; for example, people in China who have experienced âthe decade of turmoilâ (re..
BadGPT: Exploring Security Vulnerabilities of ChatGPT via Backdoor Attacks to InstructGPT
Recently, ChatGPT has gained significant attention in research due to its
ability to interact with humans effectively. The core idea behind this model is
reinforcement learning (RL) fine-tuning, a new paradigm that allows language
models to align with human preferences, i.e., InstructGPT. In this study, we
propose BadGPT, the first backdoor attack against RL fine-tuning in language
models. By injecting a backdoor into the reward model, the language model can
be compromised during the fine-tuning stage. Our initial experiments on movie
reviews, i.e., IMDB, demonstrate that an attacker can manipulate the generated
text through BadGPT.Comment: This paper is accepted as a poster in NDSS202
Psychological contractâs effect on job mobility: Evidence from Chinese construction worker
The subject of this study is that the psychological contract (PC) approaches to job mobility within the construction industry with special reference to migrant construction workers in China. Using a semi-structured interview to elicit a full range of the PCâs con- tent of construction worker, we unravel the mechanism of such contract to influence the informal job mobility of workers through the lens of the evolutionary game framework. The results demonstrate that, in the case of fulfilling PC, the informal job mobility of workers is under control, and both workers and employers benefit from this situation. This study deepens the understanding of the PCâs effect on the job mobility of construction workers in China during the course of economic change. The theoretical and practical implications are discusse
Towards Safer Generative Language Models: A Survey on Safety Risks, Evaluations, and Improvements
As generative large model capabilities advance, safety concerns become more
pronounced in their outputs. To ensure the sustainable growth of the AI
ecosystem, it's imperative to undertake a holistic evaluation and refinement of
associated safety risks. This survey presents a framework for safety research
pertaining to large models, delineating the landscape of safety risks as well
as safety evaluation and improvement methods. We begin by introducing safety
issues of wide concern, then delve into safety evaluation methods for large
models, encompassing preference-based testing, adversarial attack approaches,
issues detection, and other advanced evaluation methods. Additionally, we
explore the strategies for enhancing large model safety from training to
deployment, highlighting cutting-edge safety approaches for each stage in
building large models. Finally, we discuss the core challenges in advancing
towards more responsible AI, including the interpretability of safety
mechanisms, ongoing safety issues, and robustness against malicious attacks.
Through this survey, we aim to provide clear technical guidance for safety
researchers and encourage further study on the safety of large models
The Weddell Sea Region: An Important Precipitation Channel to the Interior of the Antarctic Ice Sheet as Revealed by Glaciochemical Investigation of Surface Snow Along the Longest Trans-Antarctic Route
Glaciochemical analysis of surface snow samples, collected along a profile crossing the Antarctic ice sheet from the Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, via the Antarctic Plateau through South Pole, Vostok and Komsomolskaya to Mirny station (at the east margin of East Antarctica), shows that the Weddell Sea region is an important channel for air masses to the high plateau of the Antarctic ice sheet (\u3e2000 m a.s.l.). This opinion is supported by the following. (1) The fluxes of sea-salt ions such as Na+, Mg2+ and Clâ display a decreasing trend from the west to the east of interior Antarctica. In general, as sea-salt aerosols are injected into the atmosphere over the Antarctic ice sheet from the Weddell Sea, large aerosols tend to decrease. For the inland plateau, few large particles of sea-salt aerosol reach the area, and the sea-salt concentration levels are low. (2) The high altitude of the East Antarctic plateau, as well as the polar cold high-pressure system, obstruct the intrusive air masses mainly from the South Indian Ocean sector. (3) For the coastal regions of the East Antarctic ice sheet, the elevation rises to 2000 m over a distance from several to several tens of km. High concentrations of sea salt exist in snow in East Antarctica but are limited to a narrow coastal zone. (4) Fluxes of calcium and non-sea-salt sulfate in snow from the interior plateau do not display an eastward-decreasing trend. Since calcium is mainly derived from crustal sources, and nssSO42â is a secondary aerosol, this again confirms that the eastward-declining tendency of sea-salt ions indicates the transfer direction of precipitation vapor
Do Large Language Models Know What They Don't Know?
Large language models (LLMs) have a wealth of knowledge that allows them to
excel in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. Current research
focuses on enhancing their performance within their existing knowledge. Despite
their vast knowledge, LLMs are still limited by the amount of information they
can accommodate and comprehend. Therefore, the ability to understand their own
limitations on the unknows, referred to as self-knowledge, is of paramount
importance. This study aims to evaluate LLMs' self-knowledge by assessing their
ability to identify unanswerable or unknowable questions. We introduce an
automated methodology to detect uncertainty in the responses of these models,
providing a novel measure of their self-knowledge. We further introduce a
unique dataset, SelfAware, consisting of unanswerable questions from five
diverse categories and their answerable counterparts. Our extensive analysis,
involving 20 LLMs including GPT-3, InstructGPT, and LLaMA, discovering an
intrinsic capacity for self-knowledge within these models. Moreover, we
demonstrate that in-context learning and instruction tuning can further enhance
this self-knowledge. Despite this promising insight, our findings also
highlight a considerable gap between the capabilities of these models and human
proficiency in recognizing the limits of their knowledge.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, accepted by Findings of ACL202
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