MADRASAH, PONDOK PESANTREN DAN REVOLUSI INDUSTRI 4.0

Madrasah and pondok pesantren as institution of islamic education a lot of using the coventional system. While this time, they are required to be ready confront the opportunities and challenge of industry era 4.0 in education. Therefore, needed efforts right and antisipative to minimize negative effects about institution of islamic education. This article are write to know efforts right done of madrasah and pondok pesantren in the address as well as harness the opportunities and challenge of industry era 4.0 by applying descriptive qualitative method and doing research to some references and literatures for researching data are needed. The result is the opportunities industry revolution 4.0 is the advances in technology that generates innovation that facilitate the learning process in the classroom and activities that took place in islamic educational institution, while the challenge is the rise of disruptive innovation who had managed to shift lifestyle and mindset of world people, like using e-book for replacing function of book. As for the deal is: 1) modifiy curriculum and learning according needs and technological developments; 2) increase in the ability and skill of students for competitive output; 3) strengthen the value of culture and the character of national anthem is integrated. These things are expected to keep the existance of madrasah and pondok pesantren in order to produce output competitive in the era of industry revolution 4.0

The Italian executioners: revisiting the role of Italians in the Holocaust

L'aritcolo esamina il ruolo degli italiani nella Shoah (1943-45). Forze di polizia, burocrazia locale e statale, volontari del partito fascista parteciparono a diverso titolo all'arresto, deportazione e depredazione degli ebrei italiani. Le responsabilità italiane si configurano come la partecipazione a un genocidio.The article revisits the role of Italians in the Holocaust in the light of recent historiography and by applying the category of genocide to the hunting, arrest and deportations of the Jews in Italy in 1943-45, under the German occupation and during the Republic of Salo established by Mussolini. Special attention is given to the ideological context of radical antisemitism, initiated by the introduction of the fascist racial law of 1938 and exacerbated by the Italian civil war, as well as to the role of a variety of ordinary actors, from policemen to volunteers of the fascist party, from bureaucrats to informants

Representation of Jews and Anti-Jewish Bias in 19th-Century French Public Discourse: Distant and Close Reading

We explore through the lens of distant reading the evolution of discourse on Jews in France during the XIX century. We analyze a large textual corpus including heterogeneous sources—literary works, periodicals, songs, essays, historical narratives—to trace how Jews are associated to different semantic domains, and how such associations shift over time. Our analysis deals with three key aspects of such changes: the overall transformation of embedding spaces, the trajectories of word associations, and the comparative projection of different religious groups over different, historically relevant semantic dimensions or streams of discourse. This allows to show changes in the association between words and semantic domains (referring e.g. to economic and moral behaviors), the evolution of stereotypes, and the dynamics of bias over a long time span characterized by major historical transformations

StereoMap: Quantifying the Awareness of Human-like Stereotypes in Large Language Models

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been observed to encode and perpetuate harmful associations present in the training data. We propose a theoretically grounded framework called StereoMap to gain insights into their perceptions of how demographic groups have been viewed by society. The framework is grounded in the Stereotype Content Model (SCM); a well-established theory from psychology. According to SCM, stereotypes are not all alike. Instead, the dimensions of Warmth and Competence serve as the factors that delineate the nature of stereotypes. Based on the SCM theory, StereoMap maps LLMs' perceptions of social groups (defined by socio-demographic features) using the dimensions of Warmth and Competence. Furthermore, the framework enables the investigation of keywords and verbalizations of reasoning of LLMs' judgments to uncover underlying factors influencing their perceptions. Our results show that LLMs exhibit a diverse range of perceptions towards these groups, characterized by mixed evaluations along the dimensions of Warmth and Competence. Furthermore, analyzing the reasonings of LLMs, our findings indicate that LLMs demonstrate an awareness of social disparities, often stating statistical data and research findings to support their reasoning. This study contributes to the understanding of how LLMs perceive and represent social groups, shedding light on their potential biases and the perpetuation of harmful associations.Comment: Accepted to EMNLP 202

Examining the Causal Effect of First Names on Language Models: The Case of Social Commonsense Reasoning

As language models continue to be integrated into applications of personal and societal relevance, ensuring these models' trustworthiness is crucial, particularly with respect to producing consistent outputs regardless of sensitive attributes. Given that first names may serve as proxies for (intersectional) socio-demographic representations, it is imperative to examine the impact of first names on commonsense reasoning capabilities. In this paper, we study whether a model's reasoning given a specific input differs based on the first names provided. Our underlying assumption is that the reasoning about Alice should not differ from the reasoning about James. We propose and implement a controlled experimental framework to measure the causal effect of first names on commonsense reasoning, enabling us to distinguish between model predictions due to chance and caused by actual factors of interest. Our results indicate that the frequency of first names has a direct effect on model prediction, with less frequent names yielding divergent predictions compared to more frequent names. To gain insights into the internal mechanisms of models that are contributing to these behaviors, we also conduct an in-depth explainable analysis. Overall, our findings suggest that to ensure model robustness, it is essential to augment datasets with more diverse first names during the configuration stage

Evaluating Multilingual Sentence Representation Models in a Real Case Scenario

In this paper, we present an evaluation of sentence representation models on the paraphrase detection task. The evaluation is designed to simulate a real-world problem of plagiarism and is based on one of the most important cases of forgery in modern history: the so-called {``}Protocols of the Elders of Zion{''}. The sentence pairs for the evaluation are taken from the infamous forged text {``}Protocols of the Elders of Zion{''} (Protocols) by unknown authors; and by {``}Dialogue in Hell between Machiavelli and Montesquieu{''} by Maurice Joly. Scholars have demonstrated that the first text plagiarizes from the second, indicating all the forged parts on qualitative grounds. Following this evidence, we organized the rephrased texts and asked native speakers to quantify the level of similarity between each pair. We used this material to evaluate sentence representation models in two languages: English and French, and on three tasks: similarity correlation, paraphrase identification, and paraphrase retrieval. Our evaluation aims at encouraging the development of benchmarks based on real-world problems, as a means to prevent problems connected to AI hypes, and to use NLP technologies for social good. Through our evaluation, we are able to confirm that the infamous Protocols are actually a plagiarized text but, as we will show, we encounter several problems connected with the convoluted nature of the task, that is very different from the one reported in standard benchmarks of paraphrase detection and sentence similarity. Code and data available at https://github.com/roccotrip/protocols

Illuminating Botteghe Oscure's British Network

In the wider context of the reception of British twentieth-century literature by Italian literary magazines, the English-language section of Botteghe Oscure represents a crucial experiment. Founded in 1948, in Rome, by princess Marguerite Caetani (protagonist of the interwar scene with Commerce) and edited by Giorgio Bassani, for twelve years (1948-1960) Botteghe Oscure offered a selection of unpublished Italian and foreign literature. The magazine thus became a real transnational hub within the Italian literary field, fostering the reception of several foreign writers. Also, besides being a fundamental step in Bassani\u2019s career and for his later engagement with Feltrinelli, it was a real laboratory for many authors, both Italian and foreign. As far as its British contributors and correspondents are concerned, we find, among others, Dylan Thomas (whose Under Milk Wood first appeared in Botteghe Oscure) or the underground writer Alexander Trocchi, who in those same years had founded the Merlin magazine in Paris. In my paper I will provide a survey of British literature published on the pages of Botteghe Oscure, illuminating through archival material the magazine\u2019s British connections and its unique international dimension. Further, I will set Caetani and Bassani\u2019s selection against the background of the reception of British literature by other literary magazines (for which I will provide a map, underlining the main trends). This will allow me to focus on some cases \u2013 Dylan Thomas, John Lehmann, Stephen Spender, for example \u2013 highlighting the different forms of their presence and identity within the Italian literary field as it was shaped by magazines. In this sense, I will tackle the implications of very form of Botteghe Oscure \u2013 the anthology \u2013 for its role as an agent of literary transfer and dissemination

Histoire et Lumières

Forum sul volume di Zeev Sternhell, Histoire et lumières : changer le monde par la raison : entretiens avec Nicolas Weill, Albin Michel, Paris 201