Systemic Reformulation of Labour Arrangements Between Demand and Pressure Concerning Income towards Welfare in Indonesia

AbstractsThe abstract of this article authors several points, among others: Firstly, Purpose of Article; to analyze labor regulation concerning income provision towards welfare for employers in Indonesia. Secondly, Scope of Work; that the legal implementation focuses on Indonesian labor law arrangements, and then concerning pressures relevant to income as an international standard for laborers, and demand for wage acceptance as a facility for labor welfare, and also labor law dispute settlement in the Indonesian welfare system. Thirdly, Legal Methodology; refers to qualitative research with secondary materials from normative and empirical sources, also by conducting legal comparison from other countries outside of Indonesia. Fourthly, Result in Summary; on the systemic implementation of Indonesian labor regulation as stipulated in a written constitution, that ”Each citizen shall reserve the rights for adequate employment and income based on sustainable standards (Article 27 paragraph (2), 1945 Indonesian Constitution). The income pressure for International labor standards via ILO has created a standard system to protect the rights of laborers binding themselves in an agreement, based on ILO Convention No.89 the Year 1949 which instigated the birth of Law Number 18 the Year 1956 concerning Ratification of ILO Convention No. 80 the Year 1957. Demands for income to be accepted as labor welfare has yet to reiterate the importance of wage component in applicable labor law (Law Number 13 the Year 2003 concerning Employment) since it allows Governor in each province to regulate the measurement of labor’s wage on annual basis. Similarly with labor trial pattern which only allows the Industrial Relations Court and not solely referring to labor arbitration institution as expected from ILO and WTO as international organizations. Fifthly, Conclusion; that systemic reformulation of labor regulation to achieve welfare in Indonesia still requires the participation or internal demand from laborers and pressure from international labor institutions.Keywords: Income Regulation, Indonesian Labour Welfare. Reformulasi Sistemik Pengaturan Ketenagakerjaan Antara Permintaan dan Tekanan Terkait Pendapatan untuk Kesejahteraan di IndonesiaAbstrakTujuan Penulisan artikel ini untuk menganalisis pengaturan perburuhan dalam pemberian penghasilan menuju kesejahteraan oleh pengusaha di Indonesia. Sedang ruang Lingkupnya bahwa pelaksanaan hukum pengaturan hukum perburuhan Indonesia, kemudian terhadap tekanan mengenai penghasilan dari standar buruh Internasional, dan tuntutan penerimaan penghasilan sebagai fasilitas kesejahteraan buruh, juga sistem penyelesaian hukum perburuhan dalam sistem kesejahteraan di Indonesia. Metode Penelitian digunakan adalah menggunakan cara penelitian kualitatif dengan bahan sekunder dari bahan hukum normatif dan empiris, juga melakukan perbandingan hukum dari luar Indonesia. Hasilnya bahwa terhadap penerapan sistemik pengaturan perburuhan Indonesia yang telah dijabarkan dalam konstitusi tertulis menekankan bahwa” tiap-tiap warga negara berhak atas pekerjaan dan penghidupan yang layak bagi kemanusiaan” (Pasal 27 ayat (2) UUD 1945). Tekanan penghasilan dari standar buruh Internasional melalui ILO telah menciptakan suatu sistem standar melindungi hak buruh mengikatkan diri di dalam perjanjian yang konvensi ILO No.89 Tahun 1949 mengenai lahir UU No.18 Tahun 1956 tentang Persetujuan Konvensi ILO No.80 Tahun 1957. Tuntutan penerimaan penghasilan sebagai kesejahteraan buruh belum memberikan penegasan komponen upah dalam perundang buruh berlaku (UU No.13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan) karena memberikan pada setiap pemerintahan Gubernur setiap provinsi untuk mengatur besar-kecil pengupahan buruh untuk setiap tahunnya.Kata Kunci: Pengaturan Penghasilan, Kesejahteraan Buruh Indonesia. Системное изменение условий труда между спросом и давлением в отношении доходов для обеспечения благосостояния в ИндонезииАннотацияЦель исследования: проанализировать трудовые условия при предоставлении дохода для обеспечения благосостояния предпринимателями в Индонезии. Предмет исследования: выполнение и условие трудового законодательства  Индонезии, затем давление на доход со стороны международных трудовых стандартов и требования о принятии дохода в качестве объекта социальной сферы для рабочих, и также системы урегулирования трудового законодательства в системе социального обеспечения в Индонезии. Используемые методы исследования: качественный метод исследования с использованием вторичных материалов из нормативных и эмпирических правовых материалов, а также в проведении юридических сравнений за пределами Индонезии. Результаты исследования: применение индонезийских трудовых норм, описанных в писаной конституции, подчеркивают, что « каждый гражданин имеет право на труд и достойную жизнь для человечества» (пункт (2) статьи 27 Конституции 1945 года). Давление на доходы со стороны международных трудовых стандартов через МОТ привело к созданию стандартной системы защиты прав трудящихся в соответствии с Конвенцией МОТ № 89 от 1949 года о принятии Закона № 18 от 1956 года об Утверждении Конвенции МОТ № 80 от 1957 года. Что касается благосостояния рабочих, он не подтвердил компонент заработной платы в применимом трудовом законодательстве (Закон № 13 от 2003 года о рабочей силе), поскольку он даёт правительству каждого губернатора каждой провинции право регулировать сумму заработной платы на каждый год. Точно так же модель трудового правосудия допускает только PPHI (Разрешение Производственных Споров), а не единственное учреждение арбитражного урегулирования трудовых конфликтов, как ожидается от мировых учреждений МОТ и ВТО.Ключевые слова: Управление доходами, Благосостояние индонезийских рабочих

Development Of An Intelligent Water Blending System For Irrigation Of Crops With Various Salinity Tolerance And Aquaculture

The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems in decision-making and intelligent control systems has recently gained attention of researchers. One such application is to optimize the water quality and distribution, and to ensure reliable water supply for different consumers. Irrigation is among the important water consumers due to the large amount required to supply the increasing needs for agriculture, and due to the crop yieldsalinity tolerance. AI methods such as goal programming have been used for irrigation scheduling and stochastic goal programming for modeling of future water consumption needs. Water blending in pipes has also been addressed to balance the salinity of irrigation water. Desalination plants use different methods of desalination, which usually produce pure water, but they are expensive. In most cases the desalination plant is integrated with a blending system to blend the pure water with other sources of water for balancing the ingredients, including the salinity, to be suitable for human use and to increase the volume of water. In a typical arid agricultural area, there will be abundant low quality ground water and little quantities of good quality water. There is a need for water blending systems suited for smaller farming communities in arid areas such that more water is made available for crop irrigation depending on the salinity tolerance and also water for aquaculture or livestock. The aim of this work was to propose an artificial intelligence solution to connect many tanks in a network topology, where each tank supplies water with a specific salinity tolerance. The water from two source tanks (one saline groundwater, and the other fresh water) is mixed inside the sink tanks to provide the required salinity in each tank and consequently reduce the fresh water consumption. A mathematical model for water blending was developed to simulate mixing water in a network of tanks. Genetic algorithm (GA) was used as a search engine to find the optimized solution for the amount of water needed to be transferred from one tank to another to balance the salinity that ensure the minimum usage of fresh water. Two cases were simulated involving two source tanks and four sink tanks with various salinity tolerances. One case was for crop irrigation and the other for aquaculture. Laboratory calibrations on the results produced by the GA indicate less than 10% error between simulated and measured EC of the blended water. Further simulation results showed that blending water with different salinities in a network of connected tanks can balance the salinity of each tank according to the crop salinity-tolerance data extracted from FAO reports. The blending system allows the salinity level that minimizes the use of good quality water while the crops can still attain 100% yield potential. This is achieved when sink tanks are connected to each other and GA is used to determine the volume of intertank water transfers. The intelligent water blending system developed in this study provides a mechanism to extend the blending unit to produce water with different salinity levels to meet different standards for use in irrigation or aquaculture. This system will help water managers make better use of various water sources to produce more water for expanding agriculture, aquaculture or industrial use in arid areas

Gender and ethnicity differences in metacognitive skills and problem–solving ability among physics students in johor

A study on metacognitive skills in relation to problem-solving in physics among secondary school students in Johor, Malaysia is sponsored by Research Management Centre (RMC), UTM under Vot 75161. It has finally completed its data collection and a complete Technical Report is due to be published in January 2007.The study involved a survey on 1300 physics students from nine districts of Johor namely Batu Pahat, Muar, Kota Tinggi, Pontian, Johor Bahru, Segamat, Mersing, Kulai and Kluang. Two well-validated instruments on metacognitive skills and four problem-solving questions on mechanics (Fatin, 2005) were conducted among respondents selected from 9 rural schools and 15 urban schools in Johor using random cluster samplings of form four physics students. The sampling of respondents in this study did not include students from fully residential schools where the “cream� of the Malay students are mostly found. The samples comprised students from daily secondary schools (rural and urban) and premier schools (urban High Schools) in Johor. This paper forms part of the report of the short term research project and focuses only on the development of gender and ethnicity differences on metacognitive and problem-solving skills from three stages of research processes. An indepth literature review related to metacognition and physics problem-solving is discussed fully in Fatin (2005)

A Research in Muhammadiyah University of Enrekang: The Human Reseources Management and Human Capital in Educational Institution

This research discussed about the teaching of languages to speak Indonesian well and correctly through speaking aspects and language elements in various contexts. This research focused the researcher was intrigued to carry out an experiment on the learning-teaching strategy of pragmatics and to know the students’ achievement level in Indonesian who were taught by using pragmatics and those who were taught without using pragmatics, particularly the first semester students of Muhammadiyah University of Enrekang.  The research was an experimental research whose samples consisted of 55 students taken by using random sampling out of the population whose number was 578 students. The scientific fact found in this research showed that the learning-teaching strategy of pragmatics is one of the approaches that can be taken into consideration to be developed and socialized to Muhammadiyah University of Enrekang lectures. The results of the research showed that there is a difference in the students’ learning achievement in Indonesian between those who were taught by using pragmatics and those who were taught without using pragmatics. The data for the students’ learning achievement in Indonesian were collected by using the instrument in the form of a test carried out before and after the treatment. Those data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistic analysis.  Most of the functions used of the originality of this study of the learning-teaching processes of Indonesian in general and the students’ learning achievement in Indonesian in particular can be maintained and promoted in the effort of making the students fluent and familiar with the use of Enrekang daily. &nbsp

Evaluation of an Experiment After Analysis of Variance

If experimental data are obtained according to an experimental design for which analysis of variance (AOV) is appropriate, the result of the analysis is one of the following decisions: 1. A significant difference exists among treatment effects. 2. No significant difference exists. Interpretation in the first case has been studied very thoroughly by many statisticians resulting, for example, in the multiple comparison procedure. Too often, in the second case, the AOV analysis is thought to be completed with no further attempt to interpret a nonsignificant outcome. Of the many possible explanations for significance in the first case, the multiple comparison procedure seeks to find the most plausible explanation. Similarly, there are two possible explanations for the non-significant result: 1. There is truly no meaningful difference among the treatments. 2. The experimental design did not offer sufficient precision to detect differences which may be of interest. In this paper a method is sought which gives some indication of the most plausible explanation for a non-significant result. There are two main objectives For developing this report. 1. To develop an analysis following a non-significant AOV result that provides a plausible interpretation of the reason for non-significance. 2. To present the analysis procedure in such a way that experimenters not highly trained in statistics can easily perform the calculation

The Quality of Distance Learning of Post Graduate Students in the Universities of the Southern Territory from their Perspective

This study aims at revealing the quality of distance learning of post graduate students in the universities of the Southern Territory in Jordan from their perspective. The sample of the study consisted of (442) male and female post graduate students from the governmental Jordanian universities: Mutah University, Tafila Technical University and Al-Hussein Bin Talal University. It was chosen by the cluster randomization method. An evaluation instrument was developed to achieve the purpose of this study, which was included (29) items in its final version. The reliability and validity of instruments were verified.The findings of the present study revealed that the estimates of the quality of distance learning of post graduate students in the universities of the southern territory from their perspective were within the moderate degree. The domain designing and developing instructional materials has ranked first, technology infrastructure has ranked second and student support services has ranked last. In addition, the results showed that there aren`t any statistically significant differences at (α ≥ 0.05) between the means of the evaluation estimates due to the educational qualification variable, diploma and bachelor`s degree, in all the domains. It is also concluded that there are statistically significant differences at (α ≥ 0.05) due to the gender variable with regard to student support services in favor of females. The study recommended the necessity of activating the indicators and domains of the quality of distance learning by stimulating universities to adhere to them. Keywords: quality, distance learning, graduate students. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/13-23-03 Publication date:August 31st 202

Binary metal oxides based on Fe (III) and Ti (IV) as efficient catalysts for total oxidation of volatile organic compound pollutants

Fe (III)-modified Titania and Fe (III)-Ti (IV) binary oxides have received much less attention as possible catalysts compared to their parent single-metal oxides, Fe2O3 and TiO2. This could be due to the difficulty of obtaining pure desired monophases. In addition, the effect of different preparative conditions on the textural properties of sol-gel-prepared Ti-Fe mixed oxides was rarely studied. Furthermore, the effect of the composition on the reducibility and the catalytic activity of these composites was never studied. In the present work, Ti-Fe mixed oxides were prepared using a modified sol-gel method and their textural properties as well as their reducibility and their catalytic activity were investigated and were compared with those of parent single-metal oxides. The use of propylene oxides (PO) as a gelation promoter as well as the presence of hetero-ions was found to play a key role in promoting gel formation at certain concentrations. While in the presence of a single metal, colloidal solutions and very fine precipitates were obtained, gels formed readily from mixed solutions containing 5-15% Fe(III) in the presence of PO, and from solutions containing 40 and 66.7% Fe(III) even in the absence of PO. While Fe (III) concentration as high as 10% was well dispersed in the Titania lattice, which was also associated with enhanced stability of the anatase structure, higher concentrations resulted in the formation of anatase and pserudorutile (Pr) initially, which converted to rutile and pseudobrookite (Pb) upon heating at elevated temperatures. The preparation of a pure Pr phase was possible under the employed preparative conditions starting with a solution containing 40% Fe (III). However, the presence of higher concentrations resulted in the formation of some segregated α- Fe2O3. Xerogel and aerogel mixed oxides possessed significantly higher surface areas than their parent single metal oxides, and the surface area increased as the Fe (III) concentration increased. Furthermore, the mixed oxides showed an enhanced reducibility indicating a more labile lattice oxygen. The mixed oxides possessed significantly improved catalytic activity compared with their single-metal oxide counterparts, especially at lower temperatures. Using 4% air in the reaction mixture resulted in the formation small amounts of benzene besides CO2 as the major product. However, Using 16% air in the reaction mixture, resulted in deep oxidation to CO2 as the only product. Among the tested catalysts, TiFe67 showed the highest catalytic activity making it a promising catalyst for oxidative degradation of volatile organic compounds, VOCs

The Effect Of The Sharia Marketing Mix On Tourist Satisfaction After Earthquake In North Lombok Regency

In the tourism sector, the marketing mix is impossible to separate from the satisfaction of customers or tourists. So, it is necessary to maximize the tourism market share in North Lombok Regency after the disaster, especially halal tourism by evaluating the marketing mix of sharia. Thus, it will be a strategy for tourism recovery after the disaster that occurred in North Lombok Regency. This study aims to examine the effect of Sharia Marketing Mix on Tourist Satisfaction. Data was obtained by spreading 272 questionnaires to tourists in West Lombak Regency as respondents using purposive random sampling method. While data analysis using quantitative methods with the analysis tool used is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results of this study indicate that the dimensions of the marketing mix ie place and physical evidence (infrastructure) affect tourist satisfaction. The implication is that it is necessary to reform the place and physical evidence (infrastructure) in the tourist area. This is a recommendation to stakeholders in the efforts of strategies used in post-disaster recovery

A Comparison Study on Oven and Solar Dried Empty Fruit Bunches

In this paper, the characteristics of empty fruit bunches (EFB) of oil palm for washed and unwashed samples of oven and solar dried are presented. The proximate, ultimate and hydrolysis analyses were carried out to find the characteristics of the samples. The higher heating values (HHV) were determined by bomb calorimeter technique and, the lower heating values (LHV) were determined via calculation. The results from the proximate analysis showed that the moisture, ash, volatile and fixed carbon of the unwashed oven dried EFB was 6.8 mf wt%, 4.8 mf wt%, 80.9 mf wt% and 14.3 mf wt%, respectively. The carbon content and other elements of the EFB are also presented in the paper. It was also found that the higher heating value and lower heating value of the unwashed oven dried sample was 18.72 MJ/kg and 17.26 MJ/kg, respectively. Furthermore, the atomic absorption spectrophotometer analysis (AAS) was conducted to determine the metal content of the EFB sample and thermogravimetri analysis (TGA) was also carried out to study the degradation behavior of the EFB. Keywords: characteristic of EFB; washed EFB; unwashed EFB; solar drying; oven dryin