Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present day Europeans

We sequenced genomes from a $\sim$7,000 year old early farmer from Stuttgart in Germany, an $\sim$8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from Luxembourg, and seven $\sim$8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from southern Sweden. We analyzed these data together with other ancient genomes and 2,345 contemporary humans to show that the great majority of present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who were most closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians and contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that EEF had $\sim$44% ancestry from a "Basal Eurasian" lineage that split prior to the diversification of all other non-African lineages

Hemodynamics: An Introduction

International audienceThe cardiovascular transport circuit is involved in both mass and heat transfer. It carries blood cells as well as oxygen and nutrients to cells of the body’s organs through the perfusing systemic arterial bed and wastes produced by working cells to their final destinations through draining veins. Blood flows throughout the body in the vasculature due to a pressure difference between the ventricular outlet and atrial inlet. Blood is propelled in the systemic and pulmonary circulation by the synchronized action of the left and right apposed cardiac pumps, respectively. Hemodynamics is related to the flow features in the heart and blood vessels, in normal and pathological conditions, in particular the pressure–flow relations and transport of substances by blood to given target organs. It can be required in therapy planning and optimization