Prototipe Perangkat Lunak Studi dan Implementasi Sistem Antrian

Queueing is one of the way to create discipline. In the queueinng, there are customers who demands service and owner of the service who provide those service. There is conflict of interest between those two because the customers do not want to queue too long and the service owner who wants to serve as many customers as possible. Hence, the service owner must be able to provide conditions such that customer queueing is not too long. To create good queue the observation of waiting time for customer, service time, and queueing time need to be closely examined. With those examination, the condition that satisfactory to cusomer and service owner with minimal extra cost. Based on those requirements, software called pro-que is engineered to create optimum condition for queueing. This system is built based on the object oriented method of software engineering known as OMT (Object Modelling Technique) by Rumbaugh

POTENCY OF VIBRIO ISOLATES FOR BIOCONTROL OF VIBRIOSIS IN TIGER SHRIMP (PENAEUS MONODON) LARVAE

This study was carried out to obtain Vibrio isolates able to function as biocontrol of vibriosis in shrimp hatchery. Thirty one Vibrio isolates were isolated from tiger shrimp larvae and hatchery environments, i.e. Labuan, Pangandaran, and Lampung, Indonesia. Pathogenic  V. harveyi MR5339 was obtained from Maros, South-Sulawesi and was made as a rifampicin resistant mutant (RFR) to screen for those 31 Vibrio isolates in in vitro assays and to allow us to monitor their presence in shrimp larvae and larval rearing water. Almost all Vibrio  isolates could inhibit the growth of pathogenic V. harveyi MR5339 RFR. SKT-b isolate from Skeletonema was the most effective to inhibit the growth of V. harveyi MR5339 Rf* and significantly reduced larval mortality in pathogen challenge assays. These prospective biocontrol bacteria, at concentration of 10" CFU/ml, did not show pathogenicity to shrimp larvae. SKT-b was Gram negative, short rod-shape, exhibited yellow colonies on TCBS and swarming on SWC-agar media, motile, utilized glucose and sucrose but not lactose: produced extra-cellular protease and amylase, but did not produce chitmase. Partial sequencing of 16S-rRNA gene SKT-b showed SKT-b similarity to Vibrio alginofyticus. Keywords: shrimp larvae / biocontrol bacteria / vibriosis

Efikasi Vaksin Booster Streptococcus agalactiae pada Induk Ikan Nila Terhadap Imunitas Maternal untuk Pencegahan Streptococcosis

Bakteri Streptococcus agalactiae merupakan patogen utama yang menyerang ikan nila mulai fase benih hingga dewasa. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk menguji efikasi vaksin booster S. agalactiae di induk ikan nila sebelum pemijahan kedua terhadap imunitas maternal untuk pencegahan streptococcosis. Vaksin gabungan sediaan sel utuh dan produk ekstraselular (ECP) S. agalactiae diinjeksi sebanyak 0,4 mL/kg induk ikan dengan perbandingan 50:50% (v/v) dari dosis penyuntikan, sedangkan kontrol diinjeksi dengan phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Vaksin diberikan ke induk ikan pada fase tingkat kematangan gonad dua (TKG 2). Perlakuan penelitian yaitu induk diinjeksi PBS (K), induk diinjeksi vaksin satu kali (A), dan induk diinjeksi vaksin booster setelah pemijahan pertama (B). Uji tantang benih dari setiap induk perlakuan dilakukan melalui perendaman S. agalactiae 107 CFU/mL selama 30 menit pada umur benih 5, 10, 15, dan 20 hari setelah menetas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (P<0,05) pada total leukosit dan aktivitas fagositik induk ikan. Level antibodi dan lisozim induk, telur, dan benih dari perlakuan B signifikan lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dibandingkan dengan perlakuan induk lainnya. Daya tetas telur dari perlakuan induk B (94,52%) signifikan lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dari pada perlakuan induk lainnya. Nilai Relative percent Survival benih dari perlakuan induk B tidak berbeda signifikan (P>0,05) dengan perlakuan benih dari induk A pada hari ke-5 tetapi, signifikan lebih tinggi (P<0,05) pada hari ke-10 hingga 20 pascatetas (96,61-54,17%). Pemberian vaksin booster di induk ikan nila sebelum pemijahan kedua dapat menstimulasi peningkatan imunitas dan transfer imunitas maternal ke anaknya untuk pencegahan streptococcosis

POTENSI ANTI OKSIDAN DAN ANTI BAKTERI Chromolaena odorata TERHADAP Vibrio harveyi PENYEBAB PENYAKIT BLACK BODY SYNDROME PADA KAKAP PUTIH (Lates calcarifer)

Kandungan bahan bioaktif pada tanaman memiliki beragam potensi aktivitas biologis dan dimanfaatkan dalam budidaya ikan sebagai alternatif untuk pencegahan dan pengobatan penyakit ikan. Serapoh (Chromolaena odorata) diketahui memiliki bahan bioaktif namun penerapan untuk pencegahan dan pengobatan penyakit pada kakap putih belum pernah diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi potensi antioksidan dan antibakteri daun serapoh secara in vitro terhadap Vibrio harveyi penyebab penyakit black body syndrome pada benih kakap putih. Penelitian secara in vitro melingkupi analisis fitokimia, uji antioksidan dan antibakteri. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun serapoh mengandung flavonoid, tannin, saponin, dan steroid. Rendemen dari hasil maserasi dengan pelarut akuades, etanol, etil asetat, dan n-heksan berturut-turut adalah 11,34%; 9,13%; 4,21%; dan 1,48%. Ekstrak etil asetat memiliki kandungan total fenol yang tertinggi (212,8 mg/g) dibanding ekstrak yang lain. Kandungan total flavonoid yang tertinggi terdapat pada ekstrak etanol (195,5 mg/g) diikuti dengan ekstrak etil asetat (20,2 mg/g), n-heksan (10,6 mg/g), dan akuades (8,1 mg/g). Nilai potensi antioksidan ekstrak etanol lebih tinggi (86,59%) dibanding ekstrak yang lain namun potensi antioksidan ekstrak etanol, etil asetat, dan akuades tidak berbeda nyata dengan asam askorbat sebagai pembanding. Ekstrak etanol, etil asetat, dan n-heksan dapat menghambat pertumbuhan V. harveyi. Ekstrak etanol bersifat bakteriostatik (1,25 mg/mL) dan bakterisidal (5 mg/mL), serta menyebabkan kerusakan sel sehingga metabolit seluler seperti asam nukleat dan protein dapat keluar dari sel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun serapoh memiliki potensi antioksidan dan antibakteri terhadap V. harveyi sehingga dapat digunakan untuk pencegahan dan pengobatan penyakit black body syndrome pada benih kakap putih.Bioactive compounds in plants have various potential biological activities and are commonly used in fish farming as alternatives to prevent and treat fish diseases. Serapoh (Chromolaena odorata) is known to have bioactive compounds, yet its application to prevent disease in Asian seabass has not been studied. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of serapoh leaves in vitro against Vibrio harveyi, causing black body syndrome disease in Asian seabass. The performed tests in this study consisted of phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antibacterial tests. The results showed that serapoh leaf extract contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The yields obtained from maceration with aquadest, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane solvents were 11.34%; 9.13%; 4.21%; and 1.48%, respectively. Ethyl acetate extract had the highest total phenol content (212.8 mg/g) compared to the other extracts. Ethanol extract has the highest total flavonoid content (195.5 mg/g) followed by ethyl acetate (20.2 mg/g), n-hexane (10.6 mg/g), and aquadest (8.1 mg/g). The highest antioxidant potential value was shown by ethanol extract (85.59%), but the antioxidant potentials of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and aquadest extracts were not significantly different from ascorbic acid. Ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts can inhibit the growth of V. harveyi. Ethanol extract has bacteriostatic (1.25 mg/mL) and bactericidal (5 mg/mL) properties. The exposure of V. harveyi to ethanol extract resulted in cellular damage that can release cellular metabolites such as nucleic acids and proteins. In conclusion, serapoh leaf extract had antioxidant and antibacterial potential against V. harveyi and could be used to prevent or treat black body syndrome in Asian seabass

USE OF AN INDIRECT ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) TO DETECT ANTIBODIES IN AYU (Plecogiossus altivelis) VACCINATED BY IMMERSION ADMINISTRATION

ABSTRACTAn indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect serum antibody in ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, immunized against Pseudomonasplecoglossicida by immersion vaccination.  First, the procedure of the ELISA was optimized and the sensitivity was checked.  Secondly, the formalin-killed cells (FKC) of P. plecoglossicida was administered to ayu by immersion vaccination.  Two weeks after vaccination, fish were divided into two groups, one group was given booster.  The level of specific antibody production of both boostered and vaccinated only fish were statistically higher than unvaccinated control fish at the time of each blood collection.  However, the differences between the boostered and vaccinated only fish were not statistically significant.Keywords :  immunization, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, ayu, ELISA ABSTRAKIndirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) digunakan untuk mendeteksi antibodi pada ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, yang diimunisasi dengan cara perendaman untuk melawan infeksi Pseudomonas plecoglossicida.  Pertama, prosedur ELISA dioptimasikan dan sensitivitas dari metode ini juga diperiksa.  Kemudian, bakteri Plecoglossus altivelis yang sudah dimatikan dengan formalin diberikan ke ikan ayu dengan vaksinasi perendaman.  Dua minggu setelah vaksinasi, ikan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, satu kelompok diberi vaksinasi kedua.  Produksi antibodi spesifik dari ikan-ikan yang divaksinasi satu kali dengan vaksinasi dua kaii secara statistik lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan control.  Akan tetapi, tidak ada perbedaan produksi antibodi antara ikan yarig divaksanisi satu kali dengan divaksinasi dua kali.Kata kunci :  imunisasi, Pseudomonasplecoglossicida, ayu, ELIS

Analisis USAha Pembibitan Manglid (Manglieta Glauca BI)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) Besarnya biaya, penerimaan dan pendapatan dari USAha pembibitan manglid pada Kelompok Tani balebat di Desa Neglasari Kecamatan Salawu Kabupaten Tasikmalaya dalam satu kali proses produksi. (2) Besarnya R/C dari USAha pembibitan manglid pada Kelompok Tani balebat di Desa Neglasari Kecamatan Salawu Kabupaten Tasikmalaya dalam satu kali proses produksi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan Pada Kelompok Tani Balebat di Desa Neglasari Kecamatan Salawu Kabupaten Tasikmalaya dengan menggunakan metode studi kasus. Pengambilan sampel untuk Kelompok Tani Balebat di Desa Neglasari Kecamatan Salawu Kabupaten Tasikmalaya menggunakan Purposive Sampling (sampel yang sengaja dipilih atau tidak acak), sedangkan penarikan sampel untuk petani dilakukan dengan cara sensus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk melaksanakan USAha pembibitan manglid per hektar dalam satu kali proses produksi adalah Rp 120.868.618,74. Penerimaan yang diperoleh dalam USAha pembibitan manglid per hektar dalam satu kali proses produksi adalah Rp 251.852.532 dan pendapatan yang diperoleh dari USAha pembibitan manglid per hektar dalam satu kali proses produksi adalah Rp 130.983.913,26. Besarnya R/C USAha pembibitan manglid pada Kelompok Tani Balebat di Desa Neglasari Kecamatan Salwu Kabupaten Tasikmalaya adalah 2,083 artinya untuk setiap Rp 1 biaya yang dikeluarkan dalam melaksanakan USAha pembibitan manglid diperoleh penerimaan Rp 2,083 sehingga pendapatan yang diperoleh sebesar 1,083 Karena Nilai R/C > 1 maka USAha pembibitan manglid tersebut menguntungkan dan layak untuk dilaksanakan

CARBON TO NITROGEN RATIO AND NITROGENOUS WASTE ACCUMULATION IN THE INTENSIVE CATFISH (Clarias gariepinus) CULTURE

This experiment was carried out to determine the optimum C/N ratio for heterotrophic bacteria (biofloc) growth in order to control nitrogenous waste accumulation in the catfish (Clarias gariepinus) culture. Twenty fish with an initial individual size of about 50 g were stocked in fiberglass tanks which were filled with 200 L of water. Fish were fed with commercial floating fish feed with a protein level of 31%-33% (manufacturer label). The daily feeding rate was 2.5% of the fish biomass. The inoculation of commercial Bacillus sp. isolates was applied in the first day of the experiment after fish stocking in order to obtain a bacterial density in water of 106 cfu/L. Molases was suplemented daily to the tanks to adjust C/N ratio in water. Four C/N ratios, i.e. 0, 7, 14, and 21, were applied as treatments in this experiment. The results showed that molasses suplementation up to C/N ratio 14 to 21 were able to support the growth of heterotrophic bacteria and to inhibit the accumulation of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite in water therefore increase water quality for better growth of cultured catfish

Potency of Vibrio Isolates for Biocontrol of Vibriosis in Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus Monodon) Larvae

This study was carried out to obtain Vibrio isolates able to function as biocontrol of vibriosis in shrimp hatchery. Thirty one Vibrio isolates were isolated from tiger shrimp larvae and hatchery environments, i.e. Labuan, Pangandaran, and Lampung, Indonesia. Pathogenic V. harveyi MR5339 was obtained from Maros, South-Sulawesi and was made as a rifampicin resistant mutant (RFR) to screen for those 31 Vibrio isolates in in vitro assays and to allow us to monitor their presence in shrimp larvae and larval rearing water. Almost all Vibrio isolates could inhibit the growth of pathogenic V. harveyi MR5339 RFR. SKT-b isolate from Skeletonema was the most effective to inhibit the growth of V. harveyi MR5339 Rf* and significantly reduced larval mortality in pathogen challenge assays. These prospective biocontrol bacteria, at concentration of 10" CFU/ml, did not show pathogenicity to shrimp larvae. SKT-b was Gram negative, short rod-shape, exhibited yellow colonies on TCBS and swarming on SWC-agar media, motile, utilized glucose and sucrose but not lactose: produced extra-cellular protease and amylase, but did not produce chitmase. Partial sequencing of 16S-rRNA gene SKT-b showed SKT-b similarity to Vibrio alginofyticus

Efficacy of bivalent vaccine against black body syndrome (BBS) of barramundi Lates calcalifer B.

ABSTRACT Black body syndrome causes mass mortality in barramundi (Lates calcarifer) in Asia mariculture. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of bivalent vaccine derived from local isolate for black body syndrome (BBS) prevention on the Barramundi. The bacteria used in the bivalent vaccine were Pseudomonas stutzeri and Vibrio harveyi in a ratio of 50:50. Barramundi, 5‒6 cm in length, was intraperitoneally injected with bivalent vaccine and phosphate buffer saline (PBS). After a 21-day vaccination, fish was injected with pathogenic bacteria P. stutzeri, V. harveyi, the combination of P. stutzeri and V. harveyi with a dose of bacteria 107 CFU/fish. We observed relative percent survival (RPS), mortality, blood profile, antibody level, lysozyme activity, and histopathology of vaccinated fish. The result showed that vaccinated fish had higher antibody levels and lysozyme activity than control treatment (P>0.05). Vaccinated fish had RPS of 80.00%, 64.29%, 57.69%, after challenged test with P. stutzeri, V. harveyi, and combination of P. stutzeri and V. harveyi, respectively. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were not significantly different (P>0.05). However, the erythrocytes, leucocytes, and phagocytic activity were higher compared to there were higher erythrocytes, leucocytes, and phagocytic activity compared to control (P<0.05). As well as antibody level and lysozyme activity of vaccinated fish higher than control (P<0.05). In conclusion, the bivalent vaccine of P. stutzeri and V. harveyi could protect barramundi seed from BBS infection. Keywords: Lates calcalifer, bivalent vaccine, local isolate, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Vibrio harveyi                                                                                                                                                                       ABSTRAK Black body syndrome menyebabkan kematian masal pada ikan kakap putih budidaya air laut di wilayah Asia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji efikasi vaksin bivalen untuk penanggulangan black body syndrome pada benih ikan kakap putih. Bakteri yang digunakan untuk membuat vaksin bivalen yaitu Pseudomonas stutzeri dan Vibrio harveyi dengan rasio 50:50. Ikan kakap putih berukuran 5‒6 cm diinjeksi vaksin bivalen dan phosphat buffer saline secara intraperitoneal. Setelah 21 hari pemeliharaan, benih diuji tantang dengan bakteri patogen P. stutzeri, V. harveyi, campuran P. stutzeri dan V. harveyi dengan kepadatan bakteri sebesar 107 CFU/ikan. Parameter yang diamati meliputi relative percent survival (RPS), gambaran darah, titer antibodi, aktifitas lisosim, dan gambaran histopatologi benih kakap putih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ikan yang divaksin memiliki nilai titer antibodi dan aktifitas lisosim lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol (P<0.05). Ikan yang divaksin memilki RPS 80.00%, 64.29%, 57.69%, setelah diuji tantang dengan P. stutzeri, V. harveyi, campuran P. stutzeri dan V. harveyi. Nilai hemoglobin dan hematokrit tidak berbeda nyata (P>0.05). Titer antibodi dan aktifitas lisosim ikan yang divaksin lebih tinggi dari kontrol (P<0.05). Vaksin bivalen P. stutzeri dan V. harveyi dapat melindungi benih ikan kakap putih dari infeksi BBS. Kata kunci : Lates calcalifer, vaksin bivalen, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Vibrio harveyi

Bakteri Probiotik Dalam Budidaya Udang: Seleksi, Mekanisme Aksi, Karakterisasi, dan Aplikasinya Sebagai Agen Biokontrol

Bacterial disease attack occurs at the hatchery stage, which is considered to be the most serious threat, and often results in mass mortality of shrimp larvae by vibrosis which is that caused by a luminous bacterium identified as Vibrio harveyi. This research was carried out to obtain local isolates of probiotic bacteria that were able to inhibit the growth of V. harveyi and effectively apply it as a biocontrol of vibriosis in shrimp cultures. The research was carried out as follows: (1) In vitro and in vivo selection of probiotic bacteria candidates, (2) Study of the action mechanism and characterization of the selected pro biotic bacteria, (3) Study on application of the selected probiotic bacteria as a biocontrol agent in shrimp cultures. Results of in vitro and in vivo selection provided the best three isolates, which were 1Ub, SKT-b and Ua. The survival rate of shrimp larvae which were not only inoculated by V. harveyi but also with 1Ub, SKT-b and Ua probiotic bacteria were 88.33, 83.33, and 81.67% respectively; where as the positive control treatment (merely inoculated with V. harveyi) gave a 41.67% survival rate and the negative control (without bacterial addition) was 68.33%. Studies using a rifampicin resistant marker (RfR) demonstrated that the number of V. harveyi MR5339 RfR cells in treatments without probiotic addition were higher than the treatment with the probiotic bacteria, in dead larvae, living larvae, as well as in the culture media. Partial sequencing of the I6S-rRNA gene showed that the I Ub isolate was similar to Pseudoalteromonas piscicida, whereas the SKT -b and Ua isolates were similar to Vibrio alginolyticus. Selected probiotic bacteria could be applied directly to shrimp larva culture media, or orally through enrichment of both natural and artificial food. Keywords: Penaeus monodon larvae, probiotic bacteria, vibriosis