9-Aminoacridin-10-ium 4-aminobenzoate dihydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title hydrated salt, C13H11N2 +.-C7H6NO2-.2H2O, consists of two independent 9-aminoacridinium cations, two 4-aminobenzoate anions and four water molecules. Both 9-aminoacridinium cations are essentially planar, with maximum deviations of 0.034 (1) and 0.025 (2) A ° , and are protonated at the pyridine N atoms. The 4-aminobenzoate anions are approximately planar, with dihedral angles of 9.16 (19) and 5.4 (2)° between the benzene ring and the carboxylate group. In the crystal, the two independent anions are connected by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer parallel to (100). The layers are connected through the cations by N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds. The water molecules, which form O—H...O hydrogen-bonded chains along the b-axis direction, connect the anions and the cations by O—H...O, N—H...O and C— H...O hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure also features n–n interactions [centroid–centroid distances = 3.6343 (9)– 3.8366 (10) A °] and a C—H...n interaction

Ethyl ({5-[5′-(2-eth­oxy-2-oxoeth­oxy)-4,4′′-difluoro-1,1′:3′,1′′-terphenyl-4′-yl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl}sulfan­yl)acetate

In the title compound, C28H24F2N2O6S, the whole mol­ecule is disordered over two sites with refined occupancies of 0.778 (3) and 0.222 (3). The central benzene ring makes dihedral angles of 56.0 (4), 34.5 (4) and 70.9 (4)°, respectively, with the two terminal benzene rings and the 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring in the major component of the disordered mol­ecule. The corresponding angles in the minor component are 59.7 (16), 25.6 (13) and 75.5 (14)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via C—H⋯F, C—H⋯N, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯S hydrogen bonds into a three-dimensional network. In addition, C—H⋯π inter­actions are observed

3,5-Bis(4-fluoro­phen­yl)isoxazole

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C15H9F2NO, the complete mol­ecule is generated by a crystallographic twofold rotation axis and the O and N atoms of the central isoxazole ring are statistically disordered with equal site occupancies. The terminal benzene rings form a dihedral angle of 24.23 (3)° with the isoxazole ring. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 47.39 (2)°. No significant inter­molecular inter­actions are observed

3-Benzyl-7-(2,4-dichloro­phen­yl)-4H-1,3,4-thia­diazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazin-4-one

In the title compound, C17H10Cl2N4OS, the phenyl ring and the H atoms attached to the adjacent C atom are disordered over two positions, with refined site occupancies of 0.509 (8) and 0.491 (8). The planar 4H-1,3,4-thia­diazolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazine ring system [maximum deviation = 0.048 (3) Å] forms dihedral angles of 76.9 (5), 74.9 (5) and 9.88 (12)°, respectively, with the major and minor parts of the disordered phenyl ring and with the dichloro-substituted benzene ring. In the crystal, pairs of C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules, forming inversion dimers with an R 2 2(18) graph-set motif. A short S⋯N contact of 2.801 (3) Å is observed between the dimers

2-[5-(4-Meth­oxy­phen­yl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-6-methyl-1,3-benzothia­zole

In the title compound, C24H21N3OS, the pyrazole ring makes dihedral angles of 5.40 (7) and 6.72 (8)° with the benzo[d]thiazole ring system and the benzene ring, respectively, and a dihedral angle of 85.72 (8)° with the meth­oxy-substituted benzene ring. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are linked by C—H⋯π inter­actions

1-(tert-But­oxy­carbon­yl)piperidine-4-carb­oxy­lic acid

In the title compound, C11H19NO4, the piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by inter­molecular O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a layer parallel to the bc plane

Bis(4-fluoro­anilinium) sulfate

In the crystal of the title molecular salt, 2C6H7FN+·SO4 2−, the cations and anions are linked by N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into sheets parallel to the ab plane. The crystal studied was found to be a racemic twin with a 0.50 (10):0.50 (10) domain ratio

Sempadan dan pertikaian pemilikan tanah adat di Sarawak

Pertikaian pemilikan tanah adat secara jelasnya berpunca daripada tiga faktor utama iaitu status, kesahihan pemilikan dan keluasan sebenar tanah yang dimiliki. Konflik masyarakat berhubung dengan perkara tersebut boleh dikaitkan dengan cara informasi tanah diperoleh. Kebanyakan pemilik tanah adat mendapatkan informasi tanah milik mereka secara lisan iaitu melalui informasi mulut ke mulut. Hal ini akhirnya menjadi satu cabaran yang besar kepada masyarakat apabila timbul pelbagai anggapan dan intepretasi yang berbeza berkait dengan status dan kesahihan tanah adat yang dimiliki. Justeru kajian ini menelit i maklumbalas pemilik tanah adat berhubung dengan cara penentuan sempadan tanah dalam kalangan masyarakat Bidayuh di daerah Serian Sarawak. Selain itu kajian juga memberikan perhatian terhadap pertikaian persempadanan tanah adat serta impilkasinya dalam kalangan pemilik tanah adat. Maklumat yang berkait dengan tujuan kajian telah diperoleh melalui FGD serta temuselidik mendalam dengan pemilik tanah adat di kawasan kajian. Hasil kajian mendapati wujud beberapa cara penentuan sempadan dalam kalangan pemilik tanah. Sehubungan itu, dapat dirumuskan bahawa pertikaian tanah di kawasan kajian banyak didorong oleh isu status dan kesahihan pemilikan tanah yang dimiliki oleh pemilik tanah adat. Bagi mengurangkan konflik maka dicadangkan agar tanah-tanah yang ada dibuat sukatan oleh juruukur bertauliah. Apabila tanah telah disukat, pemilik tanah akan memperoleh surat hakmilik tanah yang lebih jelas dari segi status dan kesasihan pemilikan

(2E)-3-(3-Benzyl­oxyphen­yl)-1-(2-hydroxy-5-methyl­phen­yl)prop-2-en-1-one

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C23H20O3, an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. The central benzene ring makes dihedral angles of 80.17 (8) and 16.99 (7)°, respectively, with the benz­yloxy and hy­droxy­methyl phenyl rings. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via inter­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form dimers. The dimers are connected by C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π inter­actions to form columns down the b axis

Performance of asphalt mixture incorporated with tin ore tailing

Tin Ore tailings (TOT) are waste generated from tin mining activities, which not only occupy lots of land, but also result in severe pollution to the surroundings. Many studies by researchers exploring better ways to increase the usage of industrial by-products in order to ease disposal problems preserve natural sources and save the environment. In this study, 1%, 3% and 5% of TOT are incorporated with ACW14 mixture in accordance to JKR 2008. 5% optimum bitumen is used for all samples. Marshall Mix design test is conducted to determine the volumetric properties, stability and flow. Moisture susceptibility test conducted to determine the indirect tensile strength in dry and wet samples. Generally, the stability values increases with the percentage of TOT increased