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मत्स्य बीज संचयन जलाशय मात्स्यिकी के विकास का सशक्त्त आधार

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NEUTRACUETICAL EVALUATION OF BOERHAVIA DIFFUSA L.

Objective: Boerhavia diffusa a tropical herb has been a subject of keen interest in phytochemical and pharmacological research due to its excellent medicinal values. The stress and need for quality control and standardisation of medicinal preparations from plants is gaining more importance today in view of the commercialization of drug formulations.Methods: WHO recommends various physicochemical, proximate and nutritive standards so that uniformity in composition and effectiveness is maintained? All the analysis was done using standard protocols.Results: The nutraceutical evaluation of the plant gives an insight into its value as a medicinal as well as highly nutritious one, safe for consumption both as a medicine and as a natural source for antioxidant activities.Conclusion: Thus the present finding suggests that B. diffusa have a promising potential not only to cure ailments but to maintain a healthy life

Some considerations concerning the challenge of incorporating social variables into epidemiological models of infectious disease transmission

Incorporation of ‘social’ variables into epidemiological models remains a challenge. Too much detail and models cease to be useful; too little and the very notion of infection —a highly social process in human populations—may be considered with little reference to the social. The French sociologist Emile Durkheim proposed that the scientific study of society required identification and study of ‘social currents.’ Such ‘currents’ are what we might today describe as ‘emergent properties,’ specifiable variables appertaining to individuals and groups, which represent the perspectives of social actors as they experience the environment in which they live their lives. Here we review the ways in which one particular emergent property, hope, relevant to a range of epidemiological situations, might be used in epidemiological modelling of infectious diseases in human populations. We also indicate how such an approach might be extended to include a range of other potential emergent properties to repre

Direct evidence of ZnO morphology modification via the selective adsorption of ZnO-binding peptides

Biomolecule-mediated ZnO synthesis has great potential for the tailoring of ZnO morphology for specific application in biosensors, window materials for display and solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), biomedical materials, and photocatalysts due to its specificity and multi-functionality. In this contribution, the effect of a ZnO-binding peptide (ZnO-BP, G-12: GLHVMHKVAPPR) and its GGGC-tagged derivative (GT-16: GLHVMHKVAPPRGGGC) on the growth of ZnO crystals expressing morphologies dependent on the relative growth rates of (0001) and (10 (1) over bar0) planes of ZnO have been studied. The amount of peptide adsorbed was determined by a depletion method using oriented ZnO films grown by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD), while the adsorption behavior of G-12 and GT-16 was investigated using XPS and a computational approach. Direct evidence was obtained to show that (i) both the ZnO-BP identified by phage display and its GGGC derivative (GT-16) are able to bind to ZnO and modify crystal growth in a molecule and concentration dependent fashion, (ii) plane selectivity for interaction with the (0001) versus the (10 (1) over bar0) crystal planes is greater for GT-16 than G-12; and (iii) specific peptide residues interact with the crystal surface albeit in the presence of charge compensating anions. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide unambiguous and direct quantitative experimental evidence of the modification of ZnO morphology via (selective and nonselective) adsorption-growth inhibition mechanisms mediated by a ZnO-BP identified from phage display libraries

A case-control analysis of common variants in GIP with type 2 diabetes and related biochemical parameters in a South Indian population

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is one of the incretins, which plays a crucial role in the secretion of insulin upon food stimulus and in the regulation of postprandial glucose level. It also exerts an effect on the synthesis and secretion of lipoprotein lipase, from adipocytes, important for lipid metabolism. The aim of our study was to do a case-control association analysis of common variants in <it>GIP </it>in association with type 2 diabetes and related biochemical parameters.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>A total of 2000 subjects which includes 1000 (584M/416F) cases with type 2 diabetes and 1000 (470M/530F) normoglycemic control subjects belonging to Dravidian ethnicity from South India were recruited to assess the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in <it>GIP </it>(rs2291725, rs2291726, rs937301) on type 2 diabetes in a case-control manner. The SNPs were genotyped by using tetra primer amplification refractory mutation system-PCR (ARMS PCR). For statistical analysis, our study population was divided into sub-groups based on gender (male and female). Association analysis was carried out using chi-squared test and the comparison of biochemical parameters among the three genotypes were performed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).</p> <p>Result</p> <p>Initial analysis revealed that, out of the total three SNPs selected for the present study, two SNPs namely rs2291726 and rs937301 were in complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) with each other. Therefore, only two SNPs, rs2291725 and rs2291726, were genotyped for the association studies. No significant difference in the allele frequency and genotype distribution of any of the SNPs in <it>GIP </it>were observed between cases and controls (<it>P </it>> 0.05). Analysis of biochemical parameters among the three genotypes showed a significant association of total cholesterol (<it>P </it>= 0.042) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) with the G allele of the SNP rs2291726 in <it>GIP </it>(<it>P </it>= 0.004), but this was observed only in the case of female subjects. However this association does not remain significant after correction for multiple testing by Bonferroni's inequality method.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>No statistically significant association was observed between any of the SNPs analysed and type 2 diabetes in our population. But the analysis of biochemical parameters indicates that the G allele in rs2291726 may be a putative risk allele for increased LDL cholesterol and further studies in other population needs to be carried out for ascertaining its role in cholesterol metabolism and subsequent cardiovascular risk.</p

Association analysis of 31 common polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes and its related traits in Indian sib pairs

: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Evaluation of the association of 31 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA-beta cell function (HOMA-?), HOMA-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and type 2 diabetes in the Indian population. METHODS: We genotyped 3,089 sib pairs recruited in the Indian Migration Study from four cities in India (Lucknow, Nagpur, Hyderabad and Bangalore) for 31 SNPs in 24 genes previously associated with type 2 diabetes in European populations. We conducted within-sib-pair analysis for type 2 diabetes and its related quantitative traits. RESULTS: The risk-allele frequencies of all the SNPs were comparable with those reported in western populations. We demonstrated significant associations of CXCR4 (rs932206), CDKAL1 (rs7756992) and TCF7L2 (rs7903146, rs12255372) with fasting glucose, with ? values of 0.007 (p?=?0.05), 0.01 (p?=?0.01), 0.007 (p?=?0.05), 0.01 (p?=?0.003) and 0.08 (p?=?0.01), respectively. Variants in NOTCH2 (rs10923931), TCF-2 (also known as HNF1B) (rs757210), ADAM30 (rs2641348) and CDKN2A/B (rs10811661) significantly predicted fasting insulin, with ? values of -0.06 (p?=?0.04), 0.05 (p?=?0.05), -0.08 (p?=?0.01) and -0.08 (p?=?0.02), respectively. For HOMA-IR, we detected associations with TCF-2, ADAM30 and CDKN2A/B, with ? values of 0.05 (p?=?0.04), -0.07 (p?=?0.03) and -0.08 (p?=?0.02), respectively. We also found significant associations of ADAM30 (??=?-0.05; p?=?0.01) and CDKN2A/B (??=?-0.05; p?=?0.03) with HOMA-?. THADA variant (rs7578597) was associated with type 2 diabetes (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.04, 2.22; p?=?0.03). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: We validated the association of seven established loci with intermediate traits related to type 2 diabetes in an Indian population using a design resistant to population stratification

Case-Control Analysis of SNPs in GLUT4, RBP4 and STRA6: Association of SNPs in STRA6 with Type 2 Diabetes in a South Indian Population

BACKGROUND: The inverse relationship between GLUT4 and RBP4 expression is known to play a role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Elevated levels of RBP4 were shown to cause insulin resistance in muscles and liver. Identification of STRA6 as a cell surface receptor for RBP4 provides further link in this axis and hence we analyzed SNPs in these three genes for association with type 2 diabetes in a South Indian population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Selected SNPs in the three genes were analyzed in a total of 2002 individuals belonging to Dravidian ethnicity, South India, by Tetra Primer ARMS PCR or RFLP PCR. Allele frequencies and genotype distribution were calculated in cases and controls and were analyzed for association by Chi-squared test and Logistic regression. Haplotype analysis was carried out for each gene by including all the markers in a single block. We observed a significant association of three SNPs, rs974456, rs736118, and rs4886578 in STRA6 with type 2 diabetes (P = 0.001, OR 0.79[0.69-0.91], P = 0.003, OR 0.81[0.71-0.93], and P = 0.001, OR 0.74[0.62-0.89] respectively). None of the SNPs in RBP4 and GLUT4 showed any association with type 2 diabetes. Haplotype analysis revealed that two common haplotypes H1 (111, P = 0.001, OR 1.23[1.08-1.40]) and H2 (222, P = 0.002 OR 0.73[0.59-0.89]) in STRA6, H6 (2121, P = 0.006, OR 1.69[1.51-2.48]) in RBP4 and H4 (2121, P = 0.01 OR 1.41[1.07-1.85]) in GLUT4 were associated with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION: SNPs in STRA6, gene coding the cell surface receptor for RBP4, were significantly associated with type 2 diabetes and further genetic and functional studies are required to understand and ascertain its role in the manifestation of type 2 diabetes