PEMANFAATAN BIJI HANJELI MENJADI PRODUK PANGAN FERMENTASI MENGGUNAKAN R ORYZAE DAN R OLIGOSPORUS

Diversifikasi pangan dengan memanfaatkan biji hanjeli dapat dilakukan salah satunya dengan membuat makanan berbahan dasar biji hanjeli terfermentasi menggunakan R oryzae dan R oligosporus. Metode yang akan dilakukan dengan menvariasikan jumlah ragi yang dipergunakan dengan waktu pemasakan biji hanjeli. Hasil analisis yang diperoleh adalah jumlah hifa yang menempel pada biji paling tinggi pada pemanasan selama 30 menit yaitu 5,6% hifa dari jumlah substrat. Dari proses pemasakan dengan waktu 45 menit, pada jumlah ragi yang diinokulasikan 0,6 g terjadi penurunan kadar air, kadar abu cenderung tetap. Kadar Protein dan lemak paling tinggi pada pemanasan 30 menit dan jumlah ragi 0.4g. Kadar pati tidak ada perbedaan dalam setiap variasi dan kadar serat tertinggi pada waktu pemanasan 45 menit dengan jumlah ragi 0,6g

Synthesis of Higher Fatty Acid Starch Esters using Vinyl Laurate and Stearate as Reactants

This paper describes the synthesis of long-chain fatty esters of corn starch (starch laurate and starch stearate) with a broad range in degree of substitution (DS = 0.24-2.96). The fatty esters were prepared by reacting the starch with vinyl laurate or vinyl stearate in the presence of basic catalysts (Na(2)HPO(4), K(2)CO(3), and Na acetate) in DMSO at 110 degrees C. The yellowish products were characterized by (1)H-, (13)C-NMR and FTIR. The DS of the products is a function of the carbon number of the fatty acid chain, vinyl ester to starch ratio and the type of catalyst. When performing the reactions using Na(2)HPO(4) as the catalyst, the DS for the starch laurate compounds is higher than for the corresponding starch stearates. For low vinyl ester to starch ratios, an increase in the vinyl ester concentration leads to higher product DS values. At higher ratios, the DS decreases, presumably due to a reduction of the polarity of the reaction medium. K(2)CO(3) and Na acetate are superior catalysts with respect to activity compared to Na(2)HPO(4) and products with DS values close to 3 were obtained

Tannic acid modified iron oxide nanoparticles and its application in protein adsorption: isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic study

Iron oxide nanoparticles, such as Fe3O4, are commonly used in various applications, such as drug delivery, magnetic fluid, water purification, and enzyme immobilization. These applications require protein to be adsorbed on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles. However direct utilization of iron oxide nanoparticles has several drawbacks, thus modification of iron oxide nanoparticles is usually done. In this study, we reported surface modification of Fe3O4 using tannic acid to adsorb bovine serum albumin (BSA). The effect of modification and the BSA adsorption on the Fe3O4 was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy, and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Furthermore the adsorption performance of modified and unmodified Fe3O4 was investigated at various initial pH, BSA concentration, and adsorption temperature. Several kinetic and isotherm adsorption models were used to describe the adsorption in this study. It was found that highest BSA adsorption was obtained at pH 4.8, near BSA’s isoelectric point. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo 2nd order model and reached equilibrium after 210 min adsorption. Based on Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity, it was found that tannic acid modified Fe3O4 had 5 times higher adsorption capacity (222 mg/g), compared to unmodified Fe3O4 (46 mg/g). Furthermore, from the thermodynamic study, it was suggested that the BSA adsorption was endothermic, spontaneous, and random in nature

The Utilization of Pectin as Natural Coagulant-Aid in Congo Red Dye Removal

Coagulation using inorganic compounds such as aluminum sulfate is commonly used in water-wastewater treatment. However, there are some drawbacks to its utilization, such as a significant decrease in the treated water’s pH, non-biodegradable sludge, and a potential negative impact on human mental health (dementia and Alzheimer's). The use of inorganic coagulants can be minimized with the addition of natural-based coagulant-aid such as pectin. In this study, Congo red solution, a model dye substance, was coagulated by varying the pH (3–7) using alum coagulant to determine the best pH for coagulation. At the best pH, pectin was introduced at various doses (0–30 mg/L), and subsequently various dye concentrations (50–100 mg/L). The effect of pectin as coagulant-aid was compared with aluminum sulfate and pectin only; with a response of %removal and sludge volume. It was found that the Congo red dye coagulation had the best %removal at pH 6 indicating a charge neutralization mechanism. The addition of 15 mg/L pectin at an aluminum sulfate dose of 30 mg/L resulted in 97.7% dye removal with a sludge volume of 14 mL/L at a Congo red concentration of 50 mg/L. This value is higher compared to those of aluminum sulfate and pectin only which gave 75.6 and 3.19% removals, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of pectin as a natural coagulant-aid could halve the sludge volume due to the formation of denser flocs. The results show a promising potential of pectin as a natural coagulant-aid in water-wastewater treatment

Proof of principle for the synthesis of hydroxy-aryl esters of glycosidic polyols and non-reducing oligosaccharides with subsequent enzymatic coupling to a tyrosine-containing tripeptide

To enable enzymatic coupling of saccharides to proteins, several di- and trisaccharides were hydroxy-arylated using anhydrous transesterification with methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, catalyzed by potassium carbonate. This transesterification resulted in the attachment of up to 3 hydroxy-aryl units per oligosaccharide molecule, with the monosubstituted product being by far the most abundant. The alkaline reaction conditions, however, resulted in a partial breakdown of reducing sugars. This breakdown could easily be bypassed by a preceding sugar reduction step converting them to polyols. Hydroxy-arylated products were purified by using solid phase extraction, based on the number of hydroxy-aryl moieties attached. Monohydroxy-arylated saccharose was subsequently linked to a tyrosine-containing tripeptide using horseradish peroxidase, as monitored by LC-MSn. This proof of principle for peptide and protein glycation with a range of possible saccharides and glycosidic polyols can lead to products with unique new properties.