Arboricity And Span In Fuzzy Chromatic Index

A fuzzy matching is a set of edges in which an edge does not incident on a vertex with same membership value. If every vertex of fuzzy graph is M-Plunged then the fuzzy matching is called as fair fuzzy matching. In this chapter, fuzzy coloring and fuzzy chromatic index are defined. The concept of Arboricity and span in fuzzy chromatic index are discussed in detail. Some theorems based on these concepts are proved

Survey, documentation and identification of entomofauna of cocoa, Theobroma cacao L. in major cocoa growing regions of South India

Survey, monitoring and documentation of entomofauna of cocoa was carried out in three cocoa growing states viz., Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh during 2014-2015. Results revealed that a total number of 23 species of insect pests and 13 species of natural enemies were documented and identified. Among the insect pests, 14, 2 and 7 species were sucking pests, borers and defoliators, respectively. Among the natural enemies, 7 species of predators and 6 species of parasitoids were documented and identified on different insect pests of cocoa. Among the insect pests, sucking pests were found to be predominant and maximum number of entomofauna were recorded in major coco growing areas of Tamil Nadu. From the results it was concluded that the list of entomofauna documented can enhance the knowledge on diversity of the entomofauna associated with cocoa in three different cocoa growing states. Sucking pests were found to be predominant and caused huge yield loss in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. While in Andhra Pradesh pod borer and bark eating caterpillar were found to be predominant causing severe yield loss. This information provides a base for development of location specific Integrated Pest Management module

Larvicidal action of Nux-vomica (Strychnus nux-vomica L.) against Diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella L.)

The present investigation reports on larvicidal efficacy of plant extracts of Nux-vomica, Strychnus nux-vomica against Diamond back moth (DBM). In this investigation shade dried and powdered nux-vomica plant sam-ples (leaves, root bark, stem bark, seed and fruit rind) were extracted with organic solvents ethanol, methanol, ace-tone, hexane and chloroform and also formulated as Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC) using surfactant and solvents. This formulated plant extracts were tested against third instar larvae of DBM for larvicidal efficacy using leaf disc bioassay method under laboratory condition. Among the five solvent extracts tested, hexane extracts of root bark 11.11 EC @ 2 % showed highest larval mortality of 76.66 % followed by seed 14.25 EC, leaf 16.66 EC, stem bark 12.50 EC and fruit rind 12.50 EC extracts exhibited maximum mortality @ 2 % concentration recording 66.66, 63.33, 56.66 and 40.00 per cent mortality respectively. Positive and negative control such as respective solvent and water showed 10.00 and 3.33 % larval mortality respectively. The results of these experiment clearly indicate that nux-vomica plant possess promising larvicidal action against diamond back moth

Development of integrated pest management on strategies against Helicoverpa arrnigera Hubner on chickpea

A field experiment entitled "Development of Integrated Pest Management strategies against Helicoverpn nrmigera Hubner on Chickpen" was conducted during post-rainy season, 1998-99, at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh to assess the relative efficacy of a neem product (AZA) 0.006 per cent, HNPV @ 250LE ha.', erecting bird perches, endosulfan 0.07 per cent and the combination of the above said four treatments (IPM) on the ovipositional preference of fi. armigera and against the small (first and second instar), medium (third and fourth instar) and large (fifth and sixth instar) sized larvae of H, urnligrra on chickpea. Apart from these studies, the treatmental effects on the soil inhabiting and aerial natural enemies were evaluated. The seasonal incidence of ff. ar~f~igereugg s, larvae and moths were also studied...

Treatment of multiple warts – efficacy of homologous autoimplantation therapy and comparison of homologous autoimplantion therapy and cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen

INTRODUCTION: Warts or verrucae are one of the common cutaneous viral infections, caused by human papilloma virus. They are benign tumours which commonly involve the skin and other epithelial tissues1. Patients seek treatment for a variety of reasons including the unsightly appearance, the pain and the discomfort it causes. The ideal aim during treatment of warts should be to remove the wart without recurrence, avoid mutilating procedures and to help the body’s immune system to deal with the infection better, producing lifelong immunity against the viral infection. Treatment of warts is difficult though many modalities are available, more so with multiple and recalcitrant warts. Warts may need differing treatments based on their type and site. Cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen is a very commonly used modality of treatment for warts and is a simple, safe and inexpensive office procedure. But it requires treatment of every individual lesion and this makes treatment of multiple warts by this technique, cumbersome. Homologous autoimplantation is a simple and novel method of treatment of warts which involves harvesting a bit of the wart tissue and implanting it subcutaneously. This, theoretically induces an immune response which leads to resolution of warts. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To determine the efficacy of cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen and homologous autoimplantation therapy in the treatment of multiple warts. 2. To evaluate the safety and adverse effects of the two modalities of therapy. 3. To monitor the recurrence of warts following each therapeutic modality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TRIAL DESIGN: O p e n labelled prospective study with the approval of ethical committee. STUDY POPULATION: Hundred patients with multiple warts diagnosed on clinical grounds, attending the dermatology out patient clinic of Madras Medical College, Chennai, between December 2011 and November 2012 INCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Multiple warts > 5 in number. 2. Duration below 3 years. 3. Treatment free period of 4 weeks prior to joining this study. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: 1. Warts other than verruca vulgaris and palmoplantar warts. 2. Pregnancy and lactation. 3. Children < 12 years of age. 4. Immunosuppressed patients. 5. H/O immunosuppressive drug intake. 6. H/O cold urticaria, cryoglobulinemia 7. Raynaud’s disease. 8. Collagen vascular diseases. CONCLUSION: 1. The cure rate with homologous autoimplantation therapy for warts was significantly higher that the cure rate of cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen by the dipstick method. But the time taken for resolution was shorter by cryotherapy (Mean – 2.28 weeks) as compared to autoimplantation therapy (Mean – 6.46 weeks). 2. Complications were much higher in the cryotherapy group than the autoimplantation group. Both the procedures were safe and harmless as no severe complication was noted. 3. There was recurrence seen in the cryotherapy group whereas the autoimplantation group showed no recurrence, though the difference in the recurrence rate was not statistically significant

Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding warning signs of pregnancy among primi gravid mothers.

Pregnancy is a happy time for most women. While most expectant mothers experience an average pregnancy, there are certain dangers associated with this condition which can result in health complications for both mother and baby. Knowledge of obstetric danger signs and birth preparedness are strategies aimed at enhancing the utilization of skilled care during low risk births and emergency obstetric care in complicated cases in low income countries A study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding warning signs of pregnancy among primi gravid mothers in Saidapet Health Post at Chennai. The hypothesis of this study was there is no significant relationship between the structured teaching programme on the level of knowledge regarding warning signs of pregnancy among primi gravid mothers. Extensive review of literature facilitates the investigator to collect the relevant information of facts to support the study. The conceptual framework of this study was based on King’s Theory of Goal Attainment. The study was conducted by adopting a pre experimental one group pre test post test design. Sixty primi gravid mothers who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected by purposive sampling technique. Each day the investigator collected data from 2-3 primi gravid mothers to assess the level of knowledge on warning signs of pregnancy. A structured questionnaire was distributed to the mothers to assess the pre test level of knowledge on warning signs of pregnancy among primi gravid mothers. Then followed by a structured teaching programme on warning signs of pregnancy and its management were educated to the primi gravid mothers. A post test was conducted to assess the level of knowledge with the same questionnaire provided in the pre test. Analysis revealed that the paired‘t’ test value of 28.14 was highly significant at the level of p<0.001. Thus it indicates the effectiveness of structured teaching programme and level of knowledge regarding warning signs of pregnancy among primi gravid mothers

Effectiveness of autogenic relaxation on depression among menopausal women.

A study to evaluate the effectiveness of autogenic relaxation on depression among menopausal women in selected villages at Madurai. An experimental approach was used and the conceptual framework of the study was based on wiedenbach’s helping art of clinical nursing theory. Pre test post test control group design was used for this study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the samples . The total sample size was 60, 30 were selected in the experimental group and 30 in the control group by simple random sampling. The tool used for data collection had two parts. Part one was demographic variables of the menopausal women and part two was modified Cornell Dysthymia rating scale. Autogenic relaxation was administered for 30 samples in the experimental group which was divided into six groups. Exercise was given for twenty minutes per group. Descriptive statistics (Frequency, mean, percentage) and inferential statistics (paired t test, independent‘t’ test & chi-square) were used to analyze the data and to test the hypothesis. In experimental group, majority (43.33%) of the menopausal women were above 50 years and 53.33% had their primary education. 70% of menopausal women in the experimental group were married. 80% of menopausal women in the experimental group were Hindu, 66.66% of menopausal women were housewives, 56.66% have two children, 63.33% belongs to nuclear family, 36.66% of menopausal women in experimental group had their period of cessation of menstruation before one year and 53.33% of women has no problem with their husband. The obtained ‘t’ value (9.49) was statistically significant at 0.05 level using paired ‘t’ test. The obtained ‘t’ value ( 7.67) was statistically significant at 0.05 level at 58 d.f using independent t-test. There was a significant association between post test level of depression and selected demographic variables like occupational status and problem with husband. Autogenic relaxation can be a nurse initiated intervention that has the advantage of being therapeutic for depressive clients. It can be used to reduce the level of depression among menopausal women