761 research outputs found
Polarization Modeling and Predictions for DKIST Part 2: Application of the Berreman Calculus to Spectral Polarization Fringes of Beamsplitters and Crystal Retarders
We outline polarization fringe predictions derived from a new application of
the Berreman calculus for the Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) retarder
optics. The DKIST retarder baseline design used 6 crystals, single-layer
anti-reflection coatings, thick cover windows and oil between all optical
interfaces. This new tool estimates polarization fringes and optic Mueller
matrices as functions of all optical design choices. The amplitude and period
of polarized fringes under design changes, manufacturing errors, tolerances and
several physical factors can now be estimated. This tool compares well with
observations of fringes for data collected with the SPINOR spectropolarimeter
at the Dunn Solar Telescope using bi-crystalline achromatic retarders as well
as laboratory tests. With this new tool, we show impacts of design decisions on
polarization fringes as impacted by anti-reflection coatings, oil refractive
indices, cover window presence and part thicknesses. This tool helped DKIST
decide to remove retarder cover windows and also recommends reconsideration of
coating strategies for DKIST. We anticipate this tool to be essential in
designing future retarders for mitigation of polarization and intensity fringe
errors in other high spectral resolution astronomical systems.Comment: Accepted for publication in JATI
Electron and positron scattering from 1,1-CâHâFâ
1,1-difluoroethylene (1,1-CâHâFâ) molecules have been studied for the first time experimentally and theoretically by electron and positron impact. 0.4-1000 eV electron and 0.2-1000 eV positron impact total cross sections (TCSs) were measured using a retarding potential time-of-flight apparatus. In order to probe the resonances observed in the electron TCSs, a crossed-beam method was used to investigate vibrational excitation cross sections over the energy range of 1.3-49 eV and scattering angles 90 degrees and 120 degrees for the two loss energies 0.115 and 0.381 eV corresponding to the dominant C-H (νâ and νâ) stretching and the combined C-F (νâ) stretching and CHâ (νââ) rocking vibrations, respectively. Electron impact elastic integral cross sections are also reported for calculations carried out using the Schwinger multichannel method with pseudopotentials for the energy range from 0.5 to 50 eV in the static-exchange approximation and from 0.5 to 20 eV in the static-exchange plus polarization approximation. Resonance peaks observed centered at about 2.3, 6.5, and 16 eV in the TCSs have been shown to be mainly due to the vibrational and elastic channels, and assigned to the Bâ, Bâ, and Aâ symmetries, respectively. The pi* resonance peak at 1.8 eV in CâHâ is observed shifted to 2.3 eV in 1,1-CâHâFâ and to 2.5 eV in CâFâ; a phenomenon attributed to the decreasing C=C bond length from CâHâ to CâFâ. For positron impact a conspicuous peak is observed below the positronium formation threshold at about 1 eV, and other less pronounced ones centered at about 5 and 20 eV.The work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid, the
Ministry of Education, Science, Technology, Sport and Culture,
Japan, the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
JSPS, and the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute
JAERI. One of the authors C.M. is also grateful to the
JSPS for financial support under Grant No. P04064. Another
author H.T. acknowledges Dr. T. Ozeki of the JAERI for
his encouragement and support during this work. This work
was also done under the International Atomic Energy Agency
IAEA project for three of the authors C.M., M.H., and
H.T.. Two of the authors M.H.F.B. and M.A.P.L. acknowledge
support from the Brazilian agency Conselho Nacional
de Desenvolvimento CientĂfico e TecnolĂłgico CNPq.
MHFB also acknowledges support from the ParanĂĄ state
agency Fundação Araucåria and from FINEP ( under Project
No. CT-Infra 1)
Electron And Positron Scattering From 1,1- C2 H2 F2
1,1-difluoroethylene (1,1- C2 H2 F2) molecules have been studied for the first time experimentally and theoretically by electron and positron impact. 0.4-1000 eV electron and 0.2-1000 eV positron impact total cross sections (TCSs) were measured using a retarding potential time-of-flight apparatus. In order to probe the resonances observed in the electron TCSs, a crossed-beam method was used to investigate vibrational excitation cross sections over the energy range of 1.3-49 eV and scattering angles 90° and 120° for the two loss energies 0.115 and 0.381 eV corresponding to the dominant C-H (2 and 9) stretching and the combined C-F (3) stretching and C H2 (11) rocking vibrations, respectively. Electron impact elastic integral cross sections are also reported for calculations carried out using the Schwinger multichannel method with pseudopotentials for the energy range from 0.5 to 50 eV in the static-exchange approximation and from 0.5 to 20 eV in the static-exchange plus polarization approximation. Resonance peaks observed centered at about 2.3, 6.5, and 16 eV in the TCSs have been shown to be mainly due to the vibrational and elastic channels, and assigned to the B2, B1, and A1 symmetries, respectively. The Ď* resonance peak at 1.8 eV in C2 H4 is observed shifted to 2.3 eV in 1,1- C2 H2 F2 and to 2.5 eV in C2 F4; a phenomenon attributed to the decreasing CC bond length from C2 H4 to C2 F4. For positron impact a conspicuous peak is observed below the positronium formation threshold at about 1 eV, and other less pronounced ones centered at about 5 and 20 eV. Š 2007 American Institute of Physics.12616(1997) Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, , http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/1997/global.warming/stories/treaty, DecemberMitsui, Y., Ohira, Y., Yonemura, T., Takaichi, T., Sekiya, A., Beppu, T., (2004) J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, p. 297Panajotovic, R., Kitajima, M., Tanaka, H., Jelisavic, M., Lower, J., Campbell, L., Brunger, M.J., Buckman, S.J., (2003) J. Phys. B, 36, p. 1615Szmytkowski, C., Kwitnewski, S., Ptasinska-Denga, E., (2003) Phys. Rev. A, 68, p. 032715Brescansin, L.M., MacHado, L.E., Lee, M.-T., (1998) Phys. Rev. A, 57, p. 3504Winstead, C., McKoy, V., (2002) J. Chem. Phys., 116, p. 1380. , 0021-9606 10.1063/1.1429649Winstead, C., McKoy, V., Bettega, M.H.F., (2005) Phys. Rev. A, 72, p. 042721Coggiola, M.J., Flicker, W.M., Mosher, O.A., Kuppermann, A., (1976) J. Chem. Phys., 65, p. 2655Edgell, W.F., Byrd, W.E., (1949) J. Chem. Phys., 17, p. 740Smith, D.C., Nielsen, J.R., Classen, H.H., (1950) J. Chem. Phys., 16, p. 326Joyner, P., Glockler, G., (1952) J. Chem. Phys., 20, p. 302Roberts, A., Edgell, W.F., (1949) J. Chem. Phys., 17, p. 742. , 0021-9606Roberts, A., Edgell, W.F., (1949) Phys. Rev., 76, p. 178Allan, M., Craig, N.C., McCarty, L.V., (2002) J. Phys. B, 35, p. 523Wahl, R.L., (2002) Principles and Practice of Positron Emission Tomography, , Lippincott, New York/ Williams and Wilkins, BaltimoreSchultz, P.J., Lynn, K.G., (1988) Rev. Mod. Phys., 60, p. 701Mitroy, J., Bromley, M.W.J., Ryzhikh, G.G., (2002) J. Phys. B, 35, p. 81Sueoka, O., Mori, S., Hamada, A., (1994) J. Phys. B, 27, p. 1452Kimura, M., Makochekanwa, C., Sueoka, O., (2004) J. Phys. B, 37, p. 1461Hoffman, K.R., Dababneh, M.S., Hsieh, Y.F., Kauppila, W.E., Pol, V., Smart, J.H., Stein, T.S., (1982) Phys. Rev. A, 25, p. 1393Sueoka, O., Mori, S., (1986) J. Phys. B, 19, p. 4035Sueoka, O., Makochekanwa, C., Kawate, H., (2002) Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 192, p. 206Tanaka, H., Ishikawa, T., Masai, T., Sagara, T., Boesten, L., Takekawa, M., Itikawa, Y., Kimura, M., (1998) Phys. Rev. A, 57, p. 1798Srivastava, S.K., Chutjian, A., Trajmar, S., (1975) J. Chem. Phys., 63, p. 2659Takatsuka, K., McKoy, V., (1981) Phys. Rev. A, 24, p. 2473. , 1050-2947 10.1103/PhysRevA.24.2473Takatsuka, K., McKoy, V., (1984) Phys. Rev. A, 30, p. 1734Bettega, M.H.F., Ferreira, L.G., Lima, M.A.P., (1993) Phys. Rev. A, 47, p. 1111Bettega, M.H.F., Natalense, A.P.P., Lima, M.A.P., Ferreira, L.G., (2003) J. Phys. B, 36, p. 1263Lopes, A.R., Bettega, M.H.F., (2003) Phys. Rev. A, 67, p. 032711Varellado, T.M.N., Bettega, M.H.F., Lima, M.A.P., Ferreira, L.G., (1999) J. Chem. Phys., 111, p. 6396Rescigno, T.N., McCurdy, C.W., Schneider, B.I., (1989) Appl. Phys. Lett., 63, p. 248Winstead, C., McKoy, V., (1998) Phys. Rev. A, 57, p. 3589Bauschlicher, C.W., (1980) J. Chem. Phys., 72, p. 880(1998) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, , 79th ed., edited by D. R.Lide (CRC, Boca Raton, FLSueoka, O., Mori, S., (1989) J. Phys. B, 22, p. 963Panajotovic, R., Jelisavcic, M., Kajita, R., Tanaka, T., Kitajima, M., Cho, H., Tanaka, H., Buckman, S.J., (2004) J. Chem. Phys., 121, p. 4559Winstead, C., Sun, Q., McKoy, V., (1992) J. Chem. Phys., 96, p. 4246Kato, H., Makochekanwa, C., Hoshino, M., Kimura, M., Cho, H., Kume, T., Yamamoto, A., Tanaka, H., (2006) Chem. Phys. Lett., 425, p. 1Carlos Jr. J., L., Karl Jr. R., R., Bauer, S.H., (1974) J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2, 2, p. 177Chiu, N.S., Burrow, P.D., Jordan, K.D., (1979) Chem. Phys. Lett., 68, p. 121Kimura, M., Sueoka, O., Makochekanwa, C., Kawate, H., Kawada, M., (2001) J. Chem. Phys., 115, p. 744
An observation of spin-valve effects in a semiconductor field effect transistor: a novel spintronic device
We present the first spintronic semiconductor field effect transistor.
The injector and collector contacts of this device were made from magnetic
permalloy thin films with different coercive fields so that they could be
magnetized either parallel or antiparallel to each other in different applied
magnetic fields. The conducting medium was a two dimensional electron gas
(2DEG) formed in an AlSb/InAs quantum well.
Data from this device suggest that its resistance is controlled by two
different types of spin-valve effect: the first occurring at the
ferromagnet-2DEG interfaces; and the second occuring in direct propagation
between contacts.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
- âŚ